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Ancient Greece World History Early Greek History 1900 B.C. – Greek speaking IndoEuropeans move into Greece By 800 B.C. – the city-state had emerged By the 5th century – height of the Greek classical period Impact of Geography Greece occupies a small area compared to Mesopotamia and Egypt (is the size of Louisiana) Mountain ranges, islands, and seas isolated Greeks from one another – caused communities to develop their own unique ways of life Climate (48°-80°) encourages outdoor/public life: athletic competition, plays, & public speaking Geography (cont.) Communities became fiercely independent and fought to gain advantage The sea also influenced Greek society Long seacoast with bays, inlets, harbors, and islands – the Greeks became seafarers as a result The First Greek State: The Mycenaeans Indo-Europeans that came from north of the Black Sea region Reached its high point between 1400 and 1200 B.C. Powerful monarchies with fortified palaces Were a warrior people Influenced by Minoans (trade, language, vase art) Trojan war: myth or reality? The Mycenaeans May have conquered the Minoans on Crete and sacked Troy (over trade routes to the Black Sea Homer wrote of their military adventures Earthquakes and infighting caused their downfall Conquered by Greek speaking invaders from the north & collapsed Dorians move in and replace The Mycenaeans Homer’s epic poems Iliad and the Odyssey appeared (the values of courage, honor, & excellence were displayed) Iliad – account of the Trojan War Odyssey – account of the Greek hero Odysseus and his return home. The Dark Ages (1100-750 B.C.) Population declined Food production dropped Few records exist Greeks left the mainland and sailed to islands or settled in Ionia Use iron and adopt Phoenician alphabet Ancient Greece The Agora Phalanx Greek military formation of hoplites Heavy infantry (hoplites), column formation If the front row falls, the next row takes their places Greek hoplite (soldier)-6th c. BC Athens Builds a Democracy Many different forms of government in Greece (monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, tyrants, democracy) Athenian rulers w/democratic reforms: Draco: legal code w/equality under law Solon: outlawed debt slavery & all citizens allowed to participate in Athenian assembly Cleisthenes: Council of 500 created with random membership & all citizens could submit laws to Athenian assembly Citizenship – free adult males born in Athens (no women, slaves or foreigners) Athens Attica Peninsula; leading Greek city-state (Polis) after 750 BCE – Monarchyaristocracytyr annydemocracy Early Problems: – Small farmers unable to compete with imports • sold land, forced into slavery if unable to pay debts – Common people had no voice in Government Athens •Democratic society •The Assembly was the major political body •All citizens (free adult native born males) could belong to the assembly; •All were equal & had freedom of speech POLITICS • Polis-another name for city-state - this was the basic political unit • Citizens-those who took part in govt. • Men who owned land could be a citizen Athens • A jury system for court cases • Had to educate sons-participate in government • 2 years military service at age 18 • Could ostracize undesirable politicians if more than 6000 agreed The Greek Mind a. Early scientists – Pythagoras (math) & Hippocrates (father of medicine) b. Socrates (469-399 BC) was a philosopher who believed in absolute truth 1. He was interested in how people learned to think for themselves 2. Developed the Socratic Method: asking pointed questions and giving no answer. He would oppose their answer with logical arguments 3. Socrates was viewed as a threat to the polis and was sentenced to death Philosophy Socrates – critic of Sophists (believed absolute truths did exist for truth and justice); Socratic line of questioning; Athenian jury condemns to death Socrates Philosophy Plato – student of Socrates; wrote The Republic (vision of perfectly governed society); founded a school called the Academy (lasted 900 yrs) Aristotle – student of Plato; method for arguing logic w/rules; applied methods to psychology, physics, & biology; tutored Alexander the Great Plato & Aristotle •C. Plato (427-347 BC) started the Academy and wrote the first book on political science, The Republic (state more important than individual – anti-democratic & pro-Sparta). Also had the “Parable of the Cave” – concept of forms D. Aristotle (384-322 BC) wrote on philosophy, science, & govt. – influenced western thinkers greatly until the Renaissance (c. 1500 AD). Tutored Alexander the Great. Pericles Golden Age of Athens a. Pericles led Athens in this period (461 BC) b. Athens stood for all that was the best in Greek civilization (“school of the Hellas”) c. Artists excelled at: 1. Architecture 2. Sculpture: Classical Art-nothing to excess 3. Painting 4. Built huge, beautiful public buildings-Parthenon Politics Citizens could: 1. Vote 2. Hold public office 3. Speak for themselves in court 4. HAD to serve in government 5. HAD to fight in war Sparta Military society Outnumbered by slaves Invaded other cities to fulfill needs If a child was born sickly or deformed they were left in hills to die • At age 7, boys were sent to military, at 60 they could retire • Suspicious of new ideas-NO CHANGE • Sparta lagged far behind other cities in economic development • • • • Persian War Persian Empire controlled Middle East and Greek colonies on Asia Minor – Colonies Revolted(with aid of Athens), Persian king (Darius) determined to punish Athens Battles – Marathon: Persia attacks, Athens defeats (490 BCE) – Athens built huge navy and organized the city-states (Themistocles) – Thermopylae; attack by Xerxes (son of Darius), Persia won (480 BCE) – Naval battle of Salamis, Athens won – Final battle of Platea, land battle won by Spartans, drove off Persians Greek Democracy prevailed and were able to have a “golden age” PERSIAN WARS 1. 546 BC-Persia conquers Ionia; world’s largest empire 2. 499 BC-Ionians revolt-didn’t like one all powerful ruler 3. Persia, under Darius, defeats the Ionian Greeks Thermopylae & Salamis Persian Wars • 480 BC-Xerxes, son of Darius, invades Greece -Sparta leads the Greeks (united) -Themistocles, an Athenian General, says to defeat Persia at sea -to delay Persia, the Spartans slow them at THERMOPYLAE (a mtn. Pass)-Greeks lose & Athens burned -Greeks lure Persian navy into the shallow waters of SALAMISGreeks victorious Persian Wars A. 490 BC-Darius attacks at MARATHON -for days nothing happened (Athens outnumbered); B. -Persians decide to attack Athens-sent most of army away C.-Athenians attack with most of the Persians waiting to board ships Leonidas & the Spartans hold the Persians at Thermopylae pass -Pheidippides runs to Sparta for help – later runs to Athens to tell of the Greek victory (Nike!), then dies -Persians are defeated (6400 dead vs. 192 for the Greeks) Battle of Salamis, 480 BC Effects of the Persian Wars With supply ships gone, Xerxes returns to Asia for good 1. Greek civilization miraculously saved from “barbarians” 2. Classical age begins – art, literature, commerce flourish 3. Athens becomes dominant citystate Warring City States Peloponnesian War (431 BC-404 BC) Most cities joined the Delian League for protection against the Persians, pirates Athens led the D.L., which really turns into the Athenian Empire Sparta & others create an anti-Athens alliance Sparta had no navy, made a deal w/Persians to get $ for navy Peloponnesian War (Athens & Sparta) (431 BCE-404 BCE) Athens formed Delian League for protection against the Persians, pirates – really turns into the Athenian Empire Sparta & others create an anti-Athens alliance; Peloponnesian League Part I – Spartans invade Athenian territory & burned food supply; city remained safe with colonial & foreign trade; plague in Athens; truce signed Part II – Athens send fleet to attack Syracuse (ally of Sparta); expedition was a failure (fleet & army) was destroyed; surrendered 9 years later Peloponnesian War Continued… Effects: – Ruined fields, city-states ripe for take over, Athenians lose faith in their democracy – Sparta broke, detested for being anti-democratic – Weakened both and allowed for Macedonians to dominate This picture actually represents the Persian War, but it looked cool. Notice the Phalanx behind Leonidas! E. Athens weakened by a plague & ruined crops; forced to make peace in 404 BC. Effects: Ruined fields, city-states ripe for take over, Athenians lose faith in their democracy Thucydides a. Wrote on the Peloponnesian War b. Rejected the idea that gods played role in human history c. He only accepted eyewitness accounts Alexander the Great Alexander the Great Alexander and his Empire a. Philip II of Macedonia, Alexander’s father, had conquered most of Greece by the time of his death b. 336 BC-Alexander from Macedonia (north of Greece) becomes King of Macedonia c. 334 BC-Alexander invades Persian empire & wins major victory in Asia Minor Alexander the Great Phillip of Macedonia (Alex’s Dad) – Tried to unify city-states by force – united the militaries and planned to attack Persia, but was assassinated Alexander – Conquered Persian Empire (Middle East and Egypt), to the Indus River – Largest empire to this point – Died of fever at 33 Spread Hellenism (culture of the Greeks) d. 332 BC-he conquers Syria, Palestine, and Egypt (founds the city of Alexandria). e. 331 BC -defeats Persians again, and ends Persian rule for good f. 327 BC-Alexander wants to keep going until they reach the Indus River -after 3 years his men say no more-go home g. 323 BC-Alexander dies of a fever at age 33 Alexander the Great Conquering Persia Alexandria, Egypt • • The city is the center of Hellenistic civilization & learning - NOT Athens Well planned city:1st museum, Library with 1 million volumes, Zoo, Double harbor (1200 ships could dock & giant lighthouse) Legacy of Alexander the Great a. Ends the era of the independent Greek polis b. Creates Hellenism-the blending of Greek & eastern customs •By 150 BC –Hellenism was in decline •Rome was gaining power Writers of History Herodotus a. Known as the “father of history” b. Considered the 1st true historian-he separated fact from fiction (tried to) c. Wrote on the Persian Wars-called Historia d. Wrote on military, political, social & religious customs Philosophy Stoicism – founded by Zeno; people should live virtuous lives in harmony with the will of god or natural laws; human desires, power, & wealth should be checked; promoted social unity Epicureanism – founded by Epicurus; gods had no interest in universe; virtuous conduct & absence of pain; goal was to achieve harmony of body and mind Sophists – questioned people’s unexamined beliefs & ideas about justice & values Zeno Science and Technology Astronomy Aristarchus – estimates Sun’s size at 300 times larger than earth (was off a bit); said Earth revolved around the Sun Eratosthenes – calculated Earth’s size at 28-29,000 miles (actually is 24,860) Math & Physics Euclid – wrote Elements (geometric propositions & proofs) Archimedes – gifted in geometry & physics; invented device that raised water from the ground & the compound pulley Euclid