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European Middle Ages Pgs. 317-335 Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne Section 1 Pgs 317-321 Invasions Trigger Changes in Western Europe • Germanic invasions lead to disorder in western Europe – Disruption of trade, Downfall of Cities Population shifts • Learning declines in western Europe as a result of invasions – Only priest & church officials were literate • New languages develop out of Germanic invasions – Different dialects developed. – Romance languages evolved from Latin – Language break up mirrored the break up of a unified empire Germanic Kingdoms Emerge • Germanic kingdoms replace Roman provinces and orderly government declines – Borders change due to war – During this time of political chaos • Clovis, a Frankish leader, creates a united kingdom and spread Christianity – The church supports his military campaigns Germanic Peoples Adopt Christianity • Christianity spreads in Europe through politics and missionaries – Politics, Missionaries and religious travelers help spread Christianity • Monasteries in western Europe become centers of learning – Built in rural areas – Benedict wrote rule book for Monk & nuns – Monasteries became Europe’s best-educated communities • Under Pope Gregory I, the Church becomes a political as well as a spiritual power – He used secular affairs and spread the idea of kingdom A European Empire Evolves • Charles Martel expands Frankish rule through conquest – Powerful mayor extends rule to France – Halted Muslim invasion • Pepin, Martel’s son becomes king and forms an alliance between Frankish Kings & the pope – He fought the Lombards, pope made him king and He ruled the Carolingian Dynasty • Charlemagne, Pepin’s son inherits a strengthened kingdom – Pepin died in 768 Charlemagne Takes Center Stage • Charlemagne’s conquests reunite western Europe into an empire and spread Christianity • Charlemagne establishes a centralized government – He sent out agents to see that counts govern their land justly, he visited every part of his kingdom, and managed his estates • Charlemagne supports learning and culture – Opened a palace school and ordered monasteries to open schools to train future monks • Charlemange’s heirs divide his empire and central authority breaks down. – Grandsons divided empire by fighting each other Feudalism in Europe Section 2 Pgs 322-326 New Invasion Trouble Western Europe • Vikings are skillful seafarers & vicious invaders – From a wooded region called Scandinavia – Vikings are Germanic people • Central government weaken, strengthening local leaders – Central authorities couldn’t protect – Leaders who could fight invaders attracted followers and gained political power Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism • A Lord gives serfs land, shelter, and protection in exchange for work • On a manor, peasants produce almost everything needed for daily life • Peasants pay high taxes and live a harsh life under the manor system Feudalism Structures Society • The feudal system is based on the exchange of land for protection & services – In exchange for military and other services, a lord (landowner) granted land to a vassal • Feudal society is made up of a king, nobles, clergy, knights, and peasants – Nobles may be a vassal to different lords • Social class is inherited and determines a person’s prestige and power – Three groups fought (nobles & knight), prayed (men& women of the church), those who worked (peasants) The Age of Chivalry Section 3 Pgs. 327-331 Warriors on Horseback • Leather saddles and stirrups help mounted warriors win battles • Private armies of knights fight for nobles in exchange for land Knighthood and Chivalry • Knights must maintain standards of character and behavior or be punished – Fought for the lord, lady, land and poor – Punishment was armor stripped off, shield was cracked, spurs was cut off and sword was broken over his head • Young nobles in training to be knights take part in mock battles called tournaments • Medieval warfare is bloody and brutal The Literature of Chivalry • Epic poems idealize chivalry and knighthood • Popular songs and poems about a knight’s undying love present artificial images of women – Used to entertain his chosen lady The Shifting Role of Women • Most medieval women are poor and powerless. They labor endlessly • Although noblewomen control some matters, they begin to lose real power The Church Wields Power Section 3 Pgs. 332-335 The Scope of the Church Authority • Church structure is made up of different rank of religious officials – Pope-headed the church – Bishops- supervised priest • Shared religious beliefs are a unifying force in a society defined by class structure • Everyone, including kings, follows the Church’s system of justice – All people were subject to canon law – Court were also established by the church – Excomunication- banishment from the church The Church and the Holy Roman Empire • King Otto I of Germany forms an alliance with the Church and invades Italy – Wanted to limit nobles power and form alliance with church – Used power to defeat unruly German princes – Pope crowned him emperor • Italian nobles resent German rule, and popes fear Germany’s rising power – Created the Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Emperor clashes with the pope • The pope and the emperor struggle over who should appoint clergy – Resentment focus was the lay investiture a ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials • The church and the empire reach a compromise, but central authority in Germany declines – Reached at the Concordat of Worms, church alone could grant a bishops his ring and staff and the emperor had could veto the appointment of the bishop Renewed Church Conflicts Under Frederick I • King Frederick I of Germany angers the Church by invading the rich cities of Italy – Wasn’t focused on building power of Germany • Italian merchants back by the Church defeat Frederick and central power dissolves – Frederick drowned in 1190 German States Remain Separate • Power struggles with the Church and within the empire keep feudal states fragmented – Kings attempted to revive Charlemagne’s empire – Led to wars between Italian cities and the pope