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Chapter 13
• European Middle Ages
Section 1: Charlemagne
Unites Germanic Kingdoms

Middle ages


AKA medieval period
500 to 1500
Invasions of Western
Europe


Germanic invaders
took over the western
half of the Roman
Empire
Changes:
1.
Disruption of Trade
•
Invasions, businesses
collapse, money scarce
2.
3.
Downfall of Cities
Population Shifts
•
Government collapsed,
nobles and city dwellers
went to rural areas
The Decline of Learning


Germanic
invaders couldn’t
read or write
Church officials
were literate
Loss of Common Language


German speaking
people mixed with
Roman people,
Latin changed
Still official
language, but not
understood
Germanic Kingdoms
Emerge


Small Germanic
kingdoms
replaced Roman
provinces
Church survives
Rome's fall

Provided order
and security
The Concept of
Government Changes

Rome vs. German



In Rome, loyalty to
government and
written law unified
Roman society
Family ties, personal
loyalty unified German
society
German chiefs had
warriors pledge to
them

Soldiers felt no loyalty
to kings they didn’t
know

Personal ties made
it impossible to
establish orderly
government for
large territories
Clovis Rules the Franks

Franks controlled
Gaul


Clovis was the
leader
Brought
Christianity to
the region
• Discuss how

Clovis’s Frankish
kingdom and the
Church began a
strong
partnership.
Germans Adopt Christianity

1.
3 Causes of the
spread of
Christianity
Politics
•
2.
3.
Frankish rulers
and the church
converted many
Missionaries
Fear
•
Coastal attacks
by Muslims
Monasteries, Convents,
and Manuscripts

To adapt to rural
conditions

Monasteries built
• Places where monks
lived

Convents built
• Nuns lived

Benedict and
Scholastica wrote rules
for monks and nuns


(Discuss their lives)
Monasteries became
best-education
communities
Papal Power Expands Under Gregory



590, Gregory I
becomes Pope
 Also called Gregory
the Great
Broadened papacy; it
become secular
Now not just a spiritual
role but a political one
too

Discuss what he did
An Empire Evolves

After the Roman Empire, small
kingdoms were all over Europe
Charles Martel Emerges
• Major Domo (mayor of the palace)
– Most powerful person in the Frankish
kingdom
Charles Martel Emerges Cont.d’
• 719: Charles
Martel (Charles
the Hammer)
• Extended
Franks reign
• Defeated
Muslim raiders
• Pepin the Short
• Wanted to be king
• Working with the
pope he fought the
Lombard's
• Pope anointed him
“king by the grace
of God”
• Carolingian Dynasty
begins
• Ruled Franks from
751-987
Charlemagne Becomes
Emperor

1.
2.
After Pepin’s death,
kingdom went to his
two sons
Carloman
Charles, also known
as


Charlemagne
Charles the Great
Charlemagne Extends
Frankish Rule

Largest empire
since Rome built


Brought
Christianity to
newly
conquered
areas
Reunited
western Europe



Charlemagne went to
Rome to defeat a
group that attacked
the pope
Pope Leo III crowns
him emperor
Signal of Germanic
power, Church and
heritage of the
Roman Empire
Charlemagne Leads a
Revival

How did he control his
empire?
1.
2.
3.
4.

Limited authority of
the nobles
Royal agents sent out
to spy on the counts
Personally visited all
regions of the empire
Watched the
management of his
huge estates
Promoted Learning
Charlemagne’s Heirs


1.
2.
3.

Charlemagne, a year
before his death
crowned his son,
Louis the Pious,
emperor
When Louis died his
three sons fought for
control
Lothair
Charles the Bald
Louis the German
Treaty of Verdun
established

Divided empire into
three parts
in Europe
Section 2
• Def: Political system
• Nobles granted use
of land that
belonged to king
• Nobles gave loyalty
and military
services
Invaders Attack Western Europe

Muslims




Magyar


Sicily
Italy
Rome
East
Vikings

North
The Vikings Invade
From the North


Came from
Scandinavia
Also called what?



Northmen or
Norsemen
Worshiped warlike
gods
Took pride in
nicknames, like
what?

Eric Bloodaxe and
Thor Skullsplitter
The Vikings Invade From the North
Continued

Leif Ericson

North America


What do these two
things have in
common?
Fewer Vikings

Why?


Accepted
Christianity
Warming trend
Magyars and Muslims Attack from
the East and South

Magyars



Hungary
Didn’t settle land
What did they do?


Took captives, sold
as slaves
Muslims



North Africa
In the 600’s they
wanted to settle
In the 800’s what did
they want to do?

Plunder
Magyars and Muslims Attack from the East and South Cont.d’



Constant danger
Kings couldn’t
protect
Local rulers looked
to for security
Feudalism Structures Society


Based on rights and
obligations
Discuss how these
terms are related



Lord
Fief
vassal
A New Social Order:
Feudalism



Rollo (Viking)
Charles the Simple
(king of France)
met
What was the
agreement?
The Feudal Pyramid
Social Classes
are Well Defined

Inherited



Fighters
Prayers
Workers
Manors: The Economic Side of
Feudalism
Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism Continued

Manor…another
name?

Read page 360 for
job descriptions
A Self-Contained World
This simplified depiction lays out the basic elements
of a manor and its village. Location along a river was
vital not only for water and waste disposal, but to run
the mill wheel that drove the round millstones that
ground the grain into flour. This view indicates that
the peasants used three-field cropping, by which the
land is divided in thirds, leaving one third unused, or
fallow, each year to allow it to revitalize itself. This
technique took a much lighter toll on the land and
meant that it could be reused for centuries.

Why is it called
this?
The Harshness of Manor Life

Taxes



Tithe
Living Conditions
Life expectancies
SECTION 3
 Nobles fought
each other
 Code of
behavior began

Knights: Warriors
on Horseback
 Occurred
with
Charles Martel

The Technology of
Warfare Changes
 Leather
saddles
and stirrups

The Warrior’s Role
in Feudal Society


Knights rewarded
with fiefs
Knight’s obligated
to serve in battle

Knighthood and
the Code of
Chivalry

Defense of three
masters

A Knight’s Training



Page
Squire
Knight


Travel for a year
Joined
tournaments

Brutal Reality of
Warfare
 Tournaments not
as bloody as
real war
 Look at page
366
 The Literature of
Chivalry
 Castle life
idealized
 Epic Poetry
 King Arthur and
Charlemagne
legendary
heroes
 The Song of
Roland one of
the earliest


Troubadours traveled
the countryside
Code of chivalry
promoted a false image
of knight
 Eleanor of Aquitaine
 Mother of Richard
the Lion-hearted
and John

Noblewomen

Could





Inherit estate
from husband, but
most passed down
to sons
Send knights to
war
Act as military
commander and
warrior
Defend castles
Lives limited

Peasant Women


Life unchanged
Their work was
essential to the
household