Download Unit 10 Plants

Kingdom Plantae
The Big Five Review Pg 139
• How many cells?
Multicellular
• What type of cell?
Eukaryotic
• Cell wall or no? If so, what’s it made of?
Yes, Cellulose
• Nutrition?
Autotrophic
• Motility?
NO!
The Big Five for Plantae PG 139
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Cell walls – cellulose
• Autotrophic
• Non-motile
• Plus…all have roots, stems, leaves,
chlorophyll, chloroplasts
Adaptations to Land PG 139
• PROBLEM
– Loss of water
– Needs water in all tissues
– Will get blown away; needs
water (its windy! Plus need
nutrients)
– No water for swimming
gametes
– Embryos dry out
• SOLUTION
– Waxy cuticles on leaves
– Vascular tissue (tubes)
– Roots
– Pollen
– Seeds
Plant Groups PG 139
• Bryophytes
– Mosses, liverworts
– Have true roots,
stems, leaves (RSL)
– Like moist/wet
environments
– Rely on osmosis
and diffusion
Plant Groups
• Pterophytes
– Ferns, horsetails
– Have vascular tissue
– Very diverse most in tropics
Plant Groups
• Gymnosperms
– Conifers, evergreens, pine trees
– Have seeds (naked ones!) seeds
develop on surface
Plant Groups
• Angiosperms
– Flowering plants
– Covered seeds (in fruits)
– Largest most diverse group
Review: 4 Groups draw on your nb
paper
• Gymnosperms
• Bryophytes
–
–
–
–
–
Have RSL
Nonvascular
No seeds
No flowers
Ex: mosses
• Pterophytes
–
–
–
–
–
RSL
Vascular
No seeds
No flowers
Ex: Ferns
–
–
–
–
–
RSL
Vascular
Seeds
No flowers
Ex: Conifers
• Angiosperms
–
–
–
–
–
RSL
Vascular
Seeds
Flowers
Ex: Rose (all flowers)
Early plants faced challenges living on
land:
1. Algae floating does not need to conserve H2O it is already immersed in
water and nutrients….so if a plant is on land it no longer has the ability to
automatically take in water and nutrients it must conserve it somehow.
2. Embryos need a moist and wet environment….water automatically provided
that for algae…..plants on land needed someway to keep the embryo from
drying out and dying….seeds!
3. Need H2O everywhere…..algae already had water everywhere…..examples
of vascular tissue sunflower, fern, maple tree and pine tree example of
plants that have vascular tissue
1. Need to be able to work and grow against gravity… also wind can blow
them away…..plus they need nutrients! Algae did not have to worry about
this….
2. Used to gametes would swim in the water until it was fertilized with
another gamete…….if a plant is on land it no longer has the channel of
water to send gametes through there is none…..so it needs another way to
reproduce.
Adaptations & Phylogeny
Bryophytes
Pterophytes
Gymnosperms
Naked Seeds
Seeds
Vascular Tissue
Angiosperms
Covered Seeds (in
Fruits)
Vascular Tissue PG 140
• XYLEM
– Carries water (& nutrients)
UP (from roots) and IN (to
rest of plant)
• PHLOEM
– Carries food
(sugars/glucose) DOWN
and AROUND
Vegetative Structures
• ROOTS
– Soak up water and
minerals from soil
– Anchor in place
– Root hairs
increase surface area
for more water
absorption
Roots (write on nb paper)
• Common Roots: Carrots & Beets (taproot)
one big structure with tiny projections off of it
• Fibrous: system that have many small
branching roots that grow from a central point
Vegetative Structures
• STEMS
– Carry substances up and down plant
– Provide support for leaves & other parts
*may be woody (trees) or herbaceous (green)
Stems (on nb paper)
• Usually above ground & they support the
leaves and flowers
• Contain the vascular tissue. What are the
names? ______&_______
• If the stem is a soft, green, herbaceous stem,
it has the ability to carry out Protein Synthesis
Vegetative Structures PG 140
• MODIFIED STEMS
• Modifications are usually for food
storage,
• Stolon: grow horizontally instead of
vertically
• Tuber is a swollen, underground stem
that has buds from which new plants
can grow (Potato)
• Rhizomes are underground stems
that store food so they are root-like
stems
• Bulb: short stem with fleshy “leaves”
or “scales” that act as a food storage
organs. EX: onions & garlic
Vegetative Structures PG 140
• LEAVES
– Make food for the plant (photosynthesis)
– Often covered with waxy cuticle (waterproof!)
– Main pigment is green (chlorophyll), but may
have others
Leaves
• The color that we see depends on the amount
and type of pigment in the leaf
• Others: carotene & lycopene cause orange,
yellow, & red
• Xanthophyll, flavone, & flavonol causes
yellow
• anthocyanin cause red, blue, purple, magenta
appearance
Vegetative Structures pg 140
• LEAVES
DICOT LEAF
(branching veins)
MONOCOT LEAF
(parallel veins)
Vegetative Structures PG 140
•LEAF PARTS…what is each part for?
Cuticle
Guard cells
Stomata
Xylem/phloe
m
P. Mesophyll
S. Mesophyll
Epidermis
(upper &
lower)
Leaf Parts 10-2
• Stomata: openings in leaf tissue that control
the exchange of gasses, usually found on the
bottom surface
• Guard cells controls the opening and closing
of the stomata which regulates the flow of
water vapor from leaf tissues
Bell Ringer
• Quick Write: bottom of 10-2
– Explain how roots, stems, and leaves along with
vascular tissue function to ensure the survival of a
land plant. (4-5 sentences)
Bell Ringer- write & answer! pg138
• All of the following organelles would be found in a
root cell of a plant except:
•
•
•
•
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Vacuole
• Complex transport tubes which H2O, nutrients, &
sugar throughout some plants belong to what level
of organization?
•
•
•
•
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
organ
Vegetative Structures
• MODIFIED LEAVES
tendrils, spines, succulents, colored bracts
Transpiration PG 140
• The loss of water through the stomata is
called transpiration
• Leaves must balance gas exchange with
water loss
Transpiration…Adaptation PG 140
• In hot, dry areas too much water is lost
(transpiration), so alternate methods must
be used
• Stomata opens leaves
• Stomata only open at night
Reproductive Structures PG 140
• FLOWERS
– Reproductive structures of angiosperms
– Are “showy” if meant to attract animals
– Are tiny and plain if “nature” helps out (wind, etc)
Reproductive Structures PG 141
draw it & label
• FLOWER ANATOMY
Must know all of these…
Petals
Sepals – usually green; cover
young bud
Pistil (Carpel) – female parts
~ stigma – sticky to catch
pollen
~ style – tube to carry pollen
down
~ ovary – holds eggs (ova)
Stamen – male parts
~ anther – holds mature pollen
~ filament – tube sends pollen
up
Name the parts…
petal
stamen
pistil
sepal
Reproductive Structures 10-3
POLLEN
have tough, protective walls
around the sperm cells
(preserved in fossil record)
Adapted for various types of
transmission:
~ insects…sticky
~ animals…hooks/sticky
~ wind …numerous & light
~ digestion …tough coverings
Reproductive Structures
• FRUITS
– a mature ovary; contains seeds (embryos)
Fruits
Reproductive Structures
• SEED STRUCTURE
Seed – the embryo
Seed coat – protective covering
Radicle – becomes root
Endosperm – food for embryo
Plant Responses
• Phototropism
– Move toward light +
– Move away from -
• Gravitropism (geotropism)
– To ground (roots)
– Away from ground (stems)
• Thigmotropism
– Curls around solids (vines)
Plant Hormones
• Auxins
– Stimulate growth
• Gibberellins
– Stimulate growth, especially in flowers & fruits
• Abscissic Acid
– Stimulates cell death; leaves falling off
• Ethylene
– Stimulate ripening
Two Groups of Angiosperms
MONOCOTS:
DICOTS:
Vegetative Structures pg 141
• ROOTS
DICOT ROOT
MONOCOT ROOT
Vegetative Structures
• STEMS
DICOT STEM
MONOCOT STEM
Reproductive Structures pg 141
FERTILIZATION
Pollen lands on stigma
Pollen tube grows
down to ovary
Two sperm discharged
~ one fertilizes egg
to make the zygote
~ other joins with 2
polar bodies to form
endosperm (nutritive
tissue for embryo)