Download Chapter 4 Study Guide Alexandria an ancient Hellenistic city in

Chapter 4 Study Guide
Alexandria
an ancient Hellenistic city in Egypt that sold a wide range of goods, from Greek
marble to Arabian spices to East African ivory
Athens
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Citizen
Aristocracy breeds discontent – the city moves toward democracy
Solon has reforms
o Outlaws debt slavery
o Offers high offices to more citizens
o Grants citizenship to more foreigners
o Economic reforms – economic exports
Pisistratus – reformer: loans, gave the poor more voice
Cleisthenes – Council of 500, legislature, ostracism
a native or resident of a town or city
Delian League
the alliance that Athens organized with other Greek city-states to continue to
defend against Persia; the meetings were held in Delos; Athens moved the treasury from Delos to
Athens and used the money to rebuild its own city
Greek philosophers
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philosopher means “lover of wisdom”
Explored many subjects with logic
Sophists questioned ideas using rhetoric
o Success was more important than moral truth to them
Socrates
o Wrote no books
o Used the Socratic method to pose a series of questions to a passerby
and challenged them to examine the implications of their answers
o At age 70 put on trial, charged with the death sentence, and drank
hemlock to nobly end his life with regard to Athenian law
Plato
o Student of Socrates
o Set up a school called the Academy
o Wrote The Republic
 An ideal state
Aristotle
o Student of Plato
o Did not believe in democracy
o Believed that right conduct meant pursuing the “golden mean”
Greek Theater
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Tragedy
o Human suffering that usually ends in disaster
o Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripedes
Comedy
o Ridicules society
o Aristophanes
Hellenistic period
with Philip II
Alexandria, Egypt was the capital, the basic area was Macedonia, and it started
Herodotus
The “Father of History” who wrote about the Persian Wars
Hippocrates
a Greek physician who developed a code of ethics for medical practitioners
Homer
Poet; wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey
Minoans
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Had a palace at Knossos
Wiped out by 1400 B.C., no one knows why
Monarchy/Aristocracy/Oligarchy
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Monarchy – one hereditary ruler has power
Aristocracy – rule by hereditary landowning elite
Oligarchy – power is in the hands of a small, wealthy elite
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1400 B.C.
Greek mainland and Crete
Trade extended from the Aegean
Set up city-states across the mainland
Known for the Trojan War
o Helen is kidnapped by the Trojan Prince Paris
Mycenaeans
Ostracism
practice used in ancient Greece to banish or send away a public figure who
threatened democracy
Parthenon
Greece
Peloponnesian War
the chief temple of the Greek goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens,
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Athens vs. Sparta
Athens has the Delian League, Sparta has the Peloponnesian League
Athens – navy
Sparta – army
What events happen during the war?
o Sparta surrounds Athens (Athens tried to avoid fighting on land)
o Under siege from Sparta, Athens retreats within city walls
 Plague strikes because of the close quarters
 The disease spread quickly
Effects of the Peloponnesian War
o Athens’s power is greatly reduced
o Sparta assumes the role of leading power in Greece
o Poverty spreads throughout Peloponnese
o Civil wars are common
o End of the Golden Age
o New power emerges from Macedonia (Hellenistic Age)
Pericles
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Brought a golden age with:
Direct democracy
Juries
Ostracism – banished 1 person a year, banished for 10 years
o Prevents tyrants and others that could be a threat to democracy
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War over borders (Persia tries to expand)
Layout of the first war:
o Ionia rebels against Persian rule (under Darius I)
o Persia crushes the rebellion
o Athens sends naval vessels to aid Ionia
o Darius I sends a massive force across the Aegean to crush the Greeks
o At the Battle at Marathon, the Persians are turned back
Second war:
o Darius I’s son, Xerxes (10 years later) sends a much larger force
o Athenians persuade Sparta to help
o Spartans attempt to turn back Persians at Thermopylae
 Led by Leonidas
o Persia won and burned the empty city of Athens
o Athens used the fleet of ships Themistocles urged them to build and
sank the Persian navy in the strait of Salamis with underwater battering
rams
Persian Wars
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Polis
o Greece won the land war the next year
Effects of the second war:
o Athens made an alliance with other city-states called the Delian league
a city-state in ancient Greece
Sarissa
a 4 to 7 meter (13–21 feet) long spear, or pike,
used in the ancient Greek and Hellenistic warfare
Sparta
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Warrior society
Looked down on trade and wealth
Spartan women ran the estate when men were at war
Used the phalanx military formation
o Massive shields and large lances forma n impenetrable wall
Themistocles
The Athenian leader during the first Persian war who urged Athens to build a
fleet of warships and prepare other defenses.
Tyrant
in ancient Greece, ruler who gained power by force