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Chapter 4 Study Guide Alexandria an ancient Hellenistic city in Egypt that sold a wide range of goods, from Greek marble to Arabian spices to East African ivory Athens Citizen Aristocracy breeds discontent – the city moves toward democracy Solon has reforms o Outlaws debt slavery o Offers high offices to more citizens o Grants citizenship to more foreigners o Economic reforms – economic exports Pisistratus – reformer: loans, gave the poor more voice Cleisthenes – Council of 500, legislature, ostracism a native or resident of a town or city Delian League the alliance that Athens organized with other Greek city-states to continue to defend against Persia; the meetings were held in Delos; Athens moved the treasury from Delos to Athens and used the money to rebuild its own city Greek philosophers philosopher means “lover of wisdom” Explored many subjects with logic Sophists questioned ideas using rhetoric o Success was more important than moral truth to them Socrates o Wrote no books o Used the Socratic method to pose a series of questions to a passerby and challenged them to examine the implications of their answers o At age 70 put on trial, charged with the death sentence, and drank hemlock to nobly end his life with regard to Athenian law Plato o Student of Socrates o Set up a school called the Academy o Wrote The Republic An ideal state Aristotle o Student of Plato o Did not believe in democracy o Believed that right conduct meant pursuing the “golden mean” Greek Theater Tragedy o Human suffering that usually ends in disaster o Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripedes Comedy o Ridicules society o Aristophanes Hellenistic period with Philip II Alexandria, Egypt was the capital, the basic area was Macedonia, and it started Herodotus The “Father of History” who wrote about the Persian Wars Hippocrates a Greek physician who developed a code of ethics for medical practitioners Homer Poet; wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey Minoans Had a palace at Knossos Wiped out by 1400 B.C., no one knows why Monarchy/Aristocracy/Oligarchy Monarchy – one hereditary ruler has power Aristocracy – rule by hereditary landowning elite Oligarchy – power is in the hands of a small, wealthy elite 1400 B.C. Greek mainland and Crete Trade extended from the Aegean Set up city-states across the mainland Known for the Trojan War o Helen is kidnapped by the Trojan Prince Paris Mycenaeans Ostracism practice used in ancient Greece to banish or send away a public figure who threatened democracy Parthenon Greece Peloponnesian War the chief temple of the Greek goddess Athena on the Acropolis in Athens, Athens vs. Sparta Athens has the Delian League, Sparta has the Peloponnesian League Athens – navy Sparta – army What events happen during the war? o Sparta surrounds Athens (Athens tried to avoid fighting on land) o Under siege from Sparta, Athens retreats within city walls Plague strikes because of the close quarters The disease spread quickly Effects of the Peloponnesian War o Athens’s power is greatly reduced o Sparta assumes the role of leading power in Greece o Poverty spreads throughout Peloponnese o Civil wars are common o End of the Golden Age o New power emerges from Macedonia (Hellenistic Age) Pericles Brought a golden age with: Direct democracy Juries Ostracism – banished 1 person a year, banished for 10 years o Prevents tyrants and others that could be a threat to democracy War over borders (Persia tries to expand) Layout of the first war: o Ionia rebels against Persian rule (under Darius I) o Persia crushes the rebellion o Athens sends naval vessels to aid Ionia o Darius I sends a massive force across the Aegean to crush the Greeks o At the Battle at Marathon, the Persians are turned back Second war: o Darius I’s son, Xerxes (10 years later) sends a much larger force o Athenians persuade Sparta to help o Spartans attempt to turn back Persians at Thermopylae Led by Leonidas o Persia won and burned the empty city of Athens o Athens used the fleet of ships Themistocles urged them to build and sank the Persian navy in the strait of Salamis with underwater battering rams Persian Wars Polis o Greece won the land war the next year Effects of the second war: o Athens made an alliance with other city-states called the Delian league a city-state in ancient Greece Sarissa a 4 to 7 meter (13–21 feet) long spear, or pike, used in the ancient Greek and Hellenistic warfare Sparta Warrior society Looked down on trade and wealth Spartan women ran the estate when men were at war Used the phalanx military formation o Massive shields and large lances forma n impenetrable wall Themistocles The Athenian leader during the first Persian war who urged Athens to build a fleet of warships and prepare other defenses. Tyrant in ancient Greece, ruler who gained power by force