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Transcript
Name __________________________ Unit 7 Evolution WHAT I KNOW WHAT I LEARNED What is EVOLUTION? How do GENES make EVOLUTION possible? What is NATURAL SELECTION? What is GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION and how does is affect SPECIATION? 1 Unit 7 Content Expectations B5.2a Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of organisms that can be classified based on morphological, behavioral, and molecular structures. B2.4A Explain that living things can be classified based on structural, embryological, and molecular (relatedness of DNA sequence) evidence. B5.2b Explain that the degree of kinship between organisms or species can be estimated from similarity of their DNA and protein sequences. B5.1f Explain, using examples, how the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and other evidence supports the theory of evolution. B2.4d Analyze the relationships among organisms based on their shared physical, biochemical, genetic, and cellular characteristics and functional processes. B5.1c Summarize the relationships between present-day organisms and those that inhabited the Earth in the past (e.g., use fossil record, embryonic stages, homologous structures, chemical basis). B5.3e Explain how changes at the gene level are the foundation for changes in populations and eventually the formation of a new species. B5.2c Trace the relationship between environmental changes and changes in the gene pool, such as genetic drift and isolation of subpopulations. B5.3C Give examples of ways in which genetic variation and environmental factors are causes of evolution and the diversity of organisms. B5.3B Describe the role of geographic isolation in speciation. B5.1A Summarize the major concepts of natural selection (differential survival and reproduction of chance inherited variants, depending on environmental conditions). B5.1B Describe how natural selection provides a mechanism for evolution. B5.1d Explain how a new species or variety originates through the evolutionary process of natural selection B5.1e Explain how natural selection leads to organisms that are well-suited for the environment (differential survival and reproduction of chance inherited variants, depending upon environmental conditions). B2.4B Describe how various organisms have developed different specializations to accomplish a particular function and yet the end result is the same (e.g., excreting nitrogenous wastes in animals, obtaining oxygen for respiration). B2.4C Explain how different organisms accomplish the same result using different structural specializations (gills vs. lungs vs. membranes). B5.3A Explain how natural selection acts on individuals, but it is populations that evolve. Relate genetic mutations and genetic variety produced by sexual reproduction to diversity within a given population. B5.3d Explain how evolution through natural selection can result in changes in biodiversity. 2 B5.1g Illustrate how genetic variation is preserved or eliminated from a population through natural selection (evolution) resulting in biodiversity. B3.4B Recognize and describe that a great diversity of species increases the chance that at least some living organisms will survive in the face of cataclysmic changes in the environment. B5.3f Demonstrate and explain how biotechnology can improve a population and species. Unit 7 Big Idea Evolution provides a ______________________________ for the history of life on Earth. Unit 7 Core Concepts The millions of different species of plants, animals, and micro-organisms that live on Earth today are _____________ by descent from ______________________________. Evolution of species is, in part, the result of the process of ____________________. _________________________ is preserved or eliminated from a population through the process of ________________________________. Before we begin... Answer these questions: What is a THEORY in Science? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________________ What is a THEORY in everyday language? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________________ Why can't we simply define EVOLUTION as 'change over time'? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________________ 3 What is Evolution & Who is Darwin??? As you watch the video and get introduced to the science of EVOLUTION, fill in the following table (at least 5 things in each column): Things I already knew Things I learned from the video 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 Things I still have questions about B5.2a Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of organisms that can be classified based on morphological, behavioral, and molecular structures. B2.4A Explain that living things can be classified based on structural, embryological, and molecular (relatedness of DNA sequence) evidence. B5.2b Explain that the degree of kinship between organisms or species can be estimated from similarity of their DNA and protein sequences. What three distinctive patterns of biological diversity did Darwin discover while aboard the HMS Beagle? 1 ____________________________________________________________ 2 ____________________________________________________________ 3 ____________________________________________________________ 4 When Darwin said, “Species vary globally,” what did he mean? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ How did fossils show that Species vary over time? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________________ What did the evidence that Darwin collected suggest? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________ Vocab In Your Own Words Correct Definition Quick Draw Know It Evolution Charles Darwin Species Fossils What does DNA code for? _________________________________ All living things contain mostly the same proteins. Explain: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ 5 The more similar the DNA and protein sequences, ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ . Describe the following standards IN YOUR OWN WORDS using complete sentences: B5.2a Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of organisms that can be classified based on morphological, behavioral, and molecular structures. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ B2.4A Explain that living things can be classified based on structural, embryological, and molecular (relatedness of DNA sequence) evidence. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ B5.2b Explain that the degree of kinship between organisms or species can be estimated from similarity of their DNA and protein sequences ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ B5.1f Explain, using examples, how the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and other evidence supports the theory of evolution. B2.4d Analyze the relationships among organisms based on their shared physical, biochemical, genetic, and cellular characteristics and functional processes. B5.1c Summarize the relationships between present-day organisms and those that inhabited the Earth in the past (e.g., use fossil record, embryonic stages, homologous structures, chemical basis). 6 How do fossils help to document the descent of modern species from ancient ancestors? (aka How do fossils help support the theory of evolution?) ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ What is one method used by geologist to figure out how old fossils are? _____________________________________________ Since Darwin, paleontologists have discovered hundreds of fossils that document ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________ The picture above documents ______________________________________________________ ___. The limb structure of Ambulocetus (“walking whale”) suggests that these animals could ________________________________________________________________________ ____________ . The structure of the hind limbs of Rodhocetus suggests _______________________________ . The ____________________________________________________ suggests that Basilosarus spent its entire life swimming in the ocean. What two features in a modern whale suggests it evolved from an ancestor that could walk on land? ________________________________________________________________________ 7 Other fossil evidence suggests __________________________________________ have evolved from each other and _____________________________________________ have evolved from each other. By Darwin's time, what had scientists discovered about vertebrate anatomy? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ We used to group organisms by looking at how similar or different they appeared and acted. Now we ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ (which is called evolutionary classification). What is a clade? A group of ________________ that includes a __________________________ and __________________________________________________________, both living and extinct. In the Descendants diagram on the right, which two groups are most closely related? _____ & ______ Which two groups are most distantly related? ______ & ______ Circle the branch that would signify groups 1, 2, 3, and 4's most recent common ancestor. Using the cladogram below, describe how closely the following groups are related to MAMMALS using complete sentences: Sharks, Snakes, and Crocodiles _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ 8 B5.3e Explain how changes at the gene level are the foundation for changes in populations and eventually the formation of a new species. B5.2c Trace the relationship between environmental changes and changes in the gene pool, such as genetic drift and isolation of subpopulations. How is evolution defined in genetic terms? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________ Natural selection (the process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring) acts directly on ______________ _____. However, natural selection does NOT act on ______________________ __. If a single organism has a phenotype that works well (is well suited) for the organism's environment, then that organism ________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _. A Gene pool Natural selection ________________________________________, but resulting changes in allele frequencies ___________________________________________ _. Therefore, ________________________, rather than ___________________________, evolve. Describe the following standard IN YOUR OWN WORDS using complete sentences: B5.3e Explain how changes at the gene level are the foundation for changes in populations and eventually the formation of a new species. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________ 9 What is genetic drift? In small populations, _______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________, just by chance. Over time, a _________________________________________________________ can cause an allele to become ________________________________________________________________________ _______________. Simply put, genetic drift is a _________________________________________________________ _. How does one species become two? When populations ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____ . What are three ways reproductive isolation can occur? Give definitions of each. 1) ___________________________________________________________________ Definition: ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2) ___________________________________________________________________ Definition: ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3) ___________________________________________________________________ Definition: ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ 10 What did Darwin propose Natural Selection did to the Galapagos Finches? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________ What is the current hypothesis about how Galapagos Finches became more than one species (speciation)? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________ Answer the following IN YOUR OWN WORDS using complete sentences: Explain how the species in the picture could have evolved from just one species. Begin with the Founder effect & Geographic Isolation. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ B5.3C Give examples of ways in which genetic variation and environmental factors are causes of evolution and the diversity of organisms. B5.3B Describe the role of geographic isolation in speciation. What are three geographic barriers that could separate populations? _________________________, ___________________________, and ___________________________ Explain how the Kaibab squirrel and Abert's squirrel became different species: ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ 11 Geographic isolation is when a part of a population becomes ___________________________ due to a _______________________________________________. The isolated organisms develop a _______________________________________ as they adapt to their local environment over time. As a result of the geographic isolation, ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ . Type of Genetic Variation Description Gene Flow changes in the DNA. A single mutation can have a large effect, but in many cases, evolutionary change is based on the accumulation of many mutations genetic shuffling that can introduce new gene combinations into a population Don't forget that MUTATIONS are _________________ and not all MUTATIONS ______________ ____________________________________ . Environmental change is ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __ _. Environmental change can be ____________________ or _____________________. 12 Using complete sentences, describe what is happening in the diagram above. Be sure to include the words: evolve (or evolution), isolation, species, time, gene pool, reproduce ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________ B5.1A Summarize the major concepts of natural selection (differential survival and reproduction of chance inherited variants, depending on environmental conditions). B5.1B Describe how natural selection provides a mechanism for evolution. B5.1d Explain how a new species or variety originates through the evolutionary process of natural selection. What is Natural Selection? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 13 ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Biologists use the word FITNESS to describe ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________. An organism's fitness depends on ______________________________________________________ . Natural selection does not produce ______________________________. If an organism's genes are ______________________________________, it will produce offspring and pass genes on to the next generation. No population is _________________________________________________ _. 14 Natural selection should be thought of as a _____________________________ . Why is this cartoon not an accurate way to describe natural selection (evolution)? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ What is the overall mechanism of Natural Selection? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________ . Using complete sentences, describe how the mechanism of natural selection was demonstrated in the m&m activity. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________ B5.1e Explain how natural selection leads to organisms that are well-suited for the environment (differential survival and reproduction of chance inherited variants, depending upon environmental conditions). 15 B2.4B Describe how various organisms have developed different specializations to accomplish a particular function and yet the end result is the same (e.g., excreting nitrogenous wastes in animals, obtaining oxygen for respiration). B2.4C Explain how different organisms accomplish the same result using different structural specializations (gills vs. lungs vs. membranes). THE FOLLOWING PAGES ARE FROM THE WEB ACTIVITY: Which picture is showing a homology and which is showing an analogy? Homology or Analogy Homology or Analogy Define homology: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ___________________ . Define analogy: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________ . Define tetrapods: __________________________________ How are the tetrapod limbs to the right similar to each other? __________________________________ __________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ __________ How did such different animals like whales, lizards, humans, and birds all wind up with the same sort of limb? THEY INHERITED IT FROM A _____________________________________ . 16 How is an evolutionary tree similar to a family tree? ________________________________________________________________________ ___________ This evolutionary tree shows the relationship between _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ Structures inherited from a common ancestor are called _______________________________ _. What are three other examples of homologous structures? 1_______________________________________________________________________ __________ 2_______________________________________________________________________ __________ 3_______________________________________________________________________ __________ Using complete sentences, describe how the following diagram shows the octopus limb and lizard limb are NOT homologous structures (they are analogous structures, or analogies). ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 17 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ___________ T or F If evolution shapes two species in similar ways, they may form analogous structures. THIS IS THE END OF THE NOTE SECTION CORRESPONDING WITH THE WEB ACTIVITY What is differential survival? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________ Organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more than those who aren't well suited, ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _________________________ . B5.3A Explain how natural selection acts on individuals, but it is populations that evolve. Relate genetic mutations and genetic variety produced by sexual reproduction to diversity within a given population. B5.3d Explain how evolution through natural selection can result in changes in biodiversity. B5.1g Illustrate how genetic variation is preserved or eliminated from a population through natural selection (evolution) resulting in biodiversity. B3.4B Recognize and describe that a great diversity of species increases the chance that at least some living organisms will survive in the face of cataclysmic changes in the environment. Answer the following by watching the video lecture, using your notes, or looking in the book: What is NATURAL SELECTION? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________ 18 Explain how Natural Selection can help cause the evolution of a species. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________ How do genetic mutations & sexual reproduction help cause the evolution of a species? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________ What is biodiversity? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________ Does biodiversity increase or decrease because of natural selection? Explain. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________ Why is a great diversity of species (caused by sexual reproduction) beneficial? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ____________________ B5.3f Demonstrate and explain how biotechnology can improve a population and species. Write two sentences for each video. Explain how bioengineering can affect biodiversity. Video 1: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ Video 2: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 19 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ Video 3: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ 20
