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Minerals
WHAT IS A MINERAL?
HOW DO MINERALS FORM?
HOW CAN MINERALS BE IDENTIFIED?
Key Terms
 Mineral
 Crystal form
 Lattice
 Density
 Luster
 Inorganic
Minerals are the
building blocks of rocks,
and therefore of the
 Streak
 Chemical
formula
earth itself.
 Hardness
 Cleavage
 Fracture
To be a Mineral,
Something Must. . .
Naturally Occurring
Naturally Occurring
Naturally occurring means the
substance cannot be human-created.
Solid
For example:
Inorganic
Ice found in snowflakes or glaciers are
minerals
Orderly Crystal Grid or Lattice
Have A Definite Chemical
Formula
Ice in your kitchen freezer is not made
naturally and is not a mineral.
Liquids and gases can become minerals
only if they change to a solid.
Solid
Naturally Occurring
Always solid state of matter
Solid
Definite volume and shape
Inorganic
Orderly Crystal Grid or Lattice
Particles are packed together
very tightly
Have A Definite Chemical
Formula
Cannot move compared to a
liquid or gas
Inorganic or Organic
Naturally Occurring
Solid
Inorganic
Orderly Crystal Grid or Lattice
Have A Definite Chemical
Formula
Inorganic means carbon that
comes from living things is
not present.
Minerals are not formed
from organic materials such
as plant or animal remains.
Crystalline Grid or Lattice
Naturally Occurring
Solid
Inorganic
Orderly Crystal Grid or
Lattice
Have A Definite Chemical
Formula
The atoms in minerals are
arranged in an orderly
pattern that repeats itself
throughout the substance
This structure, because of
the chemical formula, is
called crystalline.
Crystalline Grid a/k/a Lattice
Naturally Occurring
Solid
Inorganic
Orderly Crystal Grid or
Lattice
Have A Definite Chemical
Formula
Notice the difference
in a mineral’s orderly
and repeating
structure when
compared to the
randomly arranged
atom of a nonmineral.
Definite Chemical Formula
Naturally Occurring
Solid
Inorganic
When the atoms are the same in
number and type, the chemical
formula is known.
Regardless of the state of matter
Orderly Crystal Grid or Lattice (solid, liquid, or gas) a specific
mineral will have the same
Have A Definite Chemical formula throughout. Common
Formula
formulas are:
Water: H2O
Diamonds: C
Minerals Form in Four Ways
Crystallization from
magma or other
liquids
Precipitation from solution
Heat and Pressure
Hydrothermal solutions
Crystalline structure can occur
when melted rock material cools
into a solid.
Water will crystalize when a lake
freezes over and ice covers its
surface.
Minerals Form in Four Ways
Crystallization from magma
or other liquids
Precipitation from
solution
Heat and Pressure
Hydrothermal solutions
Minerals dissolved in water
(solution) can precipitate (fall to
the bottom) when the
concentration is high enough.
Minerals Form in Four Ways
Crystallization from magma
or other liquids
Precipitation from solution
Heat and Pressure
Hydrothermal solutions
Extreme heat and pressure in the
Earth can cause minerals to
change form – without actually
melting them.
Because of this, different
chemical bonds can form that
changes the crystal lattice.
Minerals Form in Four Ways
Crystallization from magma
or other liquids
Precipitation from solution
Heat and Pressure
Hydrothermal
solutions
Beneath the Earth’s surface
water is super-heated so that it
remains liquid instead of
becoming steam.
When this super-heated
chemical solution contacts rocks
and other minerals a new
mineral is formed as a result
other the chemical reaction.
Mineral Identification
1. Color – Natural appearance
2. Streak – Powdered form
3. Luster – Metallic or Non- Metallic
Mineral Identification
4. Hardness – Moh’s Hardness Scale
5. Crystal System – Six structures
Other Methods of Mineral Identification
Density – Mass per unit of volume
(D = Mass/Volume)
Cleavage and Fracture – how does it break?
Special Properties – optical or electrical
properties