Download Ecology - Pitt County Schools

Chapter 3 -6 Open Notes
Ecology
Name:___________________________________
Ecology
The study of _________________ and their interaction w/ their ________________.
The ___________ parts that are studied are the __________________ and _____________
Levels of Organization
Ecologists study __________________ among organisms at several ________________ levels.
________________
Communities
___________________
_____________ in an Ecosystem
The movement of ___________________ through an _____________________.
There are ____________ main groups
_______________
__________________
Producers
Also known as ________________________
Ex. Plants, _____________________ organisms.
Most other ________________ depend on this group for food and ______________.
Consumers
Also known as ____________________
Ex. Animals
Can be categorized as
_______________
___________________
Scavengers
_________________
______________ flow in an ecosystem
Energy flow can be displayed in a ____________ chain.
Food chains go in one ___________________.
For each link in a ______________ chain, there is a lot of _________________ that is lost.
________________ webs show a series of __________________chains and their interactions.
_______________- pyramids show a similar __________________.
Cycles in an ecosystem
The _________________ force for all cycles in _______________ is the sun.
__________ cycle
Carbon cycle
Water Cycle
The way water moves through the environment using these ____________- evaporation,
condensation, ___________________, percolation, ___________________
Carbon cycle
Carbon is a _____________element for life.
The process of _____________ and ________________ is how carbon moves through the
ecosystem.
Climate
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Chapter 3 -6 Open Notes
Ecology
Name:___________________________________
Looks at a ________________ on the _______________.
Measures the __________________ and the ______________________.
_______________ powers the __________________ of a region.
Greenhouse Effect
The gases that make up greenhouses act as ____________ windows.
The _____________ is trapped.
2 factors to every ecosystem
_____________ factors
(_________________ life)
____________ currents,
Temperature
_______________
light
_____________
_______________ factors
(_________________ factors)
All _______________ organisms
_________________ factors
have effects on ______________ things and often determine which ___________ survive in a
particular ______________ .
For ex., lack of _____________ can cause drought in a _____________, so the animals that
depend on ______________ for food would find it ________________ to survive.
Population
Members of ________________ population compete for ______________________.
Occurs only when there is a _________________supply.
Some _________________ exhibit __________________ that reduce competition.
For example, a frog’s life cycle.
Community
A group of ________________ populations living in the same ___________ or environment.
Normal changes in a _______________ affect other __________________ populations.
The most common ______________ is an increase or _________________ in population size.
For example, mouse _______________ hawks.
Ecosystems
Every ecosystem has a ___________________ capacity.
This creates unique relationships among the _______________ factors _____________ in that
ecosystem.
_________________________
Symbiosis
_________________________
Mutualism
________________________
Ants
Mutualism- symbiosis where _____________ species __________________.
Community interaction
Parasitism- symbiosis where one species benefits and the other is _________________.
Population Dynamics
Population ____________ = increase in size of ______________ over _______________
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Ecology
Chapter 3 -6 Open Notes
Name:___________________________________
growth of organisms is not ________________- but _________________
as ___________________ get larger it also grows ___________________
___________________ of people affects population _________________Immigration vs. Emigration:
Exponential Growth graph
J-shaped curve
Initially, the _________________ in number of __________________ is slow
number of ________________ members is ______________
_________________ increases _____________________ because total number of
________________ increases
results in population ____________________
Limits of population growth
Populations ____________________ grow __________________!
Limiting _________________ will cause population to stop _____________________
results in ________-shaped growth _________________
_________________ Capacity (k)
Number of _____________ of one _______________ that an environment can ___________
if population is under its __________________ capacity, then _______________ >deaths (until
k is _____________)
if population is _____________ its carrying capacity, then ____________________ > births
(until k is reached)
Thus….population levels ______________.
S-Shaped Curve:
Patterns of population growth
Most ____________ factor determining ________________ growth is organism’s
______________ pattern
how ________
how often
how __________
how ____________
___________ reproductive rates found in _____________ with small ________ size and short
________ span
populations _____________/decrease rapidly as _____________ change
i.e. ____________
____________ reproductive rates found in organisms with ____________ body size and
________ life span
species live in more _____________ environments
ie. ______________, humans
_________________
Limiting factors
Influence the population ___________________ in an __________________.
Combination of _____________ and ____________ factors.
Communities have a range of _____________________
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Ecology
Chapter 3 -6 Open Notes
Name:___________________________________
Environmental Limits
Two main kinds of limiting factors
1. Density-______________
2. Density-________________
Density-dependent
have _______________ effect as population ___________________
_________________, competition, ____________________, food
ex: disease spreads more _______________ in large __________________________
____________________ can also _____________ population
Density-independent
_________ all populations __________________ of size/density
_________________, storms, floods, drought, habitat disruption, __________________
Human Population Growth
Demography--study of _____________ population _______________ characteristics
_____________ rate, age structure, __________________ distribution
world wide ______________ population has _______________ exponentially over past several
hundred years
humans can reduce/limit environmental effects by eliminating competing ____________,
increasing food production and _____________ disease
Birth/Death Rates
Growth rate of population = Birth rate - Death rate
Rates
Human Population
In US, people _______________ longer, waiting until their 30s to have kids , and having fewer
kids (fertility rate is _________________________
When fertility rates are ________________ populations grow ________________________
unless death rate is also high
Age Structure
_____________ of population that are at _______________ age levels
Rapid growth countries have wide _______________(lots of younger people)
_____________ populations have fairly ______________categories
Vanishing Species
Biodiversity--____________ of life in an ____________
number of different _______________ in given area
terrestrial biodiversity_________________ as you move closer to _______________
tropical regions contain ____________- of all land species on Earth
________ islands have more biodiversity than _____________ islands (similar locations/biomes)
more space
greater variety of ___________________ and ecosystems
Importance of Biodiversity
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Chapter 3 -6 Open Notes
Name:___________________________________
Ecology
_____________________
Possible unknown relationships
Brings _____________________ to ecosystem
Meets human needs
Potential to improve health (medicines)
Biodiversity
Loss of Biodiversity
Extinction--_______________ of species when last of its ______________ dies
Threatened species--_______________ rapidly
Endangered species--numbers become so ____________ that extinction is possible
_____________ extinctions since 1940’s
humans are mainly _______________
Threats to Biodiversity
Changes to habitat can threaten organisms with extinction. Three main ways….
-_______________________
-Habitat fragmentation
-______________
Habitat Loss
_______________ threat to biodiversity
__________________ of habitats and organisms can’t ____________
Results from __________________________ and natural disaster
Corral Reefs
Habitat Fragmentation
________________ of wilderness areas from other wilderness areas
Ex: roads cut across wilderness, building projects, etc.
Fragmentation Results
Habitat Degradation--______________ to a habitat by ____________________
3 Main types….
______________ Pollution
-_____________________ Pollution
-Land Pollution
Air Pollution
Includes acid rain
Damages plant __________ and interferes with ______________
Changes ___________ pH (frogs)
Damages ____________ (CFCs)
Water Pollution
Results from ____________ fertilizers, ____________ blooms, silt, detergents, heavy metals,
and solid pollutants
Point-source vs. Non-point source
Land Pollution
___________________
Land Pollution
Exotic Species
Organisms not _______________ to a particular ________________
Ex: Kudzu
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Chapter 3 -6 Open Notes
Ecology
Name:___________________________________
Grow at ____________________ rate due to lack of __________________ and lack of
_________________
May take over ___________________- and eventually replace ________________ species
Exotic Species
Conservation of Biodiversity
Strategies of Conservation --___________ to protect biodiversity
-US Endangered Species Act
-Nature preserves and National Parks
-__________________________
-_______________________________
-Reintroduction programs
US Endangered Species Act
Became law in 1973
Made it illegal to _____________ any ______________ on endangered or __________________
species lists
Also illegal for ______________ agencies to fund any project that
would____________organisms on these lists
includes ________________ their ___________________
Ex: bald eagle, American alligator
Nature Preserves/National Parks
Best way to _____________ species is to____________ whole communities and ecosystems
only ______________ of Earth’s land surface is ___________________
Yellow Stone
Sustainable Use
Using resources of ______________ areas in ways that will not ________________ the
ecosystem
Harvesting ____________________ nuts rather than cutting down the trees
Habitat Corridors
Natural strips of land/water that allow _______________ of organisms from one area to another
Overcomes__________________fragmentation
Reintroduction Programs
______________ of _________________ into an area where their ______________ once lived
California condors
Reintroduction Programs
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