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Chapter 3 -6 Open Notes Ecology Name:___________________________________ Ecology The study of _________________ and their interaction w/ their ________________. The ___________ parts that are studied are the __________________ and _____________ Levels of Organization Ecologists study __________________ among organisms at several ________________ levels. ________________ Communities ___________________ _____________ in an Ecosystem The movement of ___________________ through an _____________________. There are ____________ main groups _______________ __________________ Producers Also known as ________________________ Ex. Plants, _____________________ organisms. Most other ________________ depend on this group for food and ______________. Consumers Also known as ____________________ Ex. Animals Can be categorized as _______________ ___________________ Scavengers _________________ ______________ flow in an ecosystem Energy flow can be displayed in a ____________ chain. Food chains go in one ___________________. For each link in a ______________ chain, there is a lot of _________________ that is lost. ________________ webs show a series of __________________chains and their interactions. _______________- pyramids show a similar __________________. Cycles in an ecosystem The _________________ force for all cycles in _______________ is the sun. __________ cycle Carbon cycle Water Cycle The way water moves through the environment using these ____________- evaporation, condensation, ___________________, percolation, ___________________ Carbon cycle Carbon is a _____________element for life. The process of _____________ and ________________ is how carbon moves through the ecosystem. Climate 1 Chapter 3 -6 Open Notes Ecology Name:___________________________________ Looks at a ________________ on the _______________. Measures the __________________ and the ______________________. _______________ powers the __________________ of a region. Greenhouse Effect The gases that make up greenhouses act as ____________ windows. The _____________ is trapped. 2 factors to every ecosystem _____________ factors (_________________ life) ____________ currents, Temperature _______________ light _____________ _______________ factors (_________________ factors) All _______________ organisms _________________ factors have effects on ______________ things and often determine which ___________ survive in a particular ______________ . For ex., lack of _____________ can cause drought in a _____________, so the animals that depend on ______________ for food would find it ________________ to survive. Population Members of ________________ population compete for ______________________. Occurs only when there is a _________________supply. Some _________________ exhibit __________________ that reduce competition. For example, a frog’s life cycle. Community A group of ________________ populations living in the same ___________ or environment. Normal changes in a _______________ affect other __________________ populations. The most common ______________ is an increase or _________________ in population size. For example, mouse _______________ hawks. Ecosystems Every ecosystem has a ___________________ capacity. This creates unique relationships among the _______________ factors _____________ in that ecosystem. _________________________ Symbiosis _________________________ Mutualism ________________________ Ants Mutualism- symbiosis where _____________ species __________________. Community interaction Parasitism- symbiosis where one species benefits and the other is _________________. Population Dynamics Population ____________ = increase in size of ______________ over _______________ 2 Ecology Chapter 3 -6 Open Notes Name:___________________________________ growth of organisms is not ________________- but _________________ as ___________________ get larger it also grows ___________________ ___________________ of people affects population _________________Immigration vs. Emigration: Exponential Growth graph J-shaped curve Initially, the _________________ in number of __________________ is slow number of ________________ members is ______________ _________________ increases _____________________ because total number of ________________ increases results in population ____________________ Limits of population growth Populations ____________________ grow __________________! Limiting _________________ will cause population to stop _____________________ results in ________-shaped growth _________________ _________________ Capacity (k) Number of _____________ of one _______________ that an environment can ___________ if population is under its __________________ capacity, then _______________ >deaths (until k is _____________) if population is _____________ its carrying capacity, then ____________________ > births (until k is reached) Thus….population levels ______________. S-Shaped Curve: Patterns of population growth Most ____________ factor determining ________________ growth is organism’s ______________ pattern how ________ how often how __________ how ____________ ___________ reproductive rates found in _____________ with small ________ size and short ________ span populations _____________/decrease rapidly as _____________ change i.e. ____________ ____________ reproductive rates found in organisms with ____________ body size and ________ life span species live in more _____________ environments ie. ______________, humans _________________ Limiting factors Influence the population ___________________ in an __________________. Combination of _____________ and ____________ factors. Communities have a range of _____________________ 3 Ecology Chapter 3 -6 Open Notes Name:___________________________________ Environmental Limits Two main kinds of limiting factors 1. Density-______________ 2. Density-________________ Density-dependent have _______________ effect as population ___________________ _________________, competition, ____________________, food ex: disease spreads more _______________ in large __________________________ ____________________ can also _____________ population Density-independent _________ all populations __________________ of size/density _________________, storms, floods, drought, habitat disruption, __________________ Human Population Growth Demography--study of _____________ population _______________ characteristics _____________ rate, age structure, __________________ distribution world wide ______________ population has _______________ exponentially over past several hundred years humans can reduce/limit environmental effects by eliminating competing ____________, increasing food production and _____________ disease Birth/Death Rates Growth rate of population = Birth rate - Death rate Rates Human Population In US, people _______________ longer, waiting until their 30s to have kids , and having fewer kids (fertility rate is _________________________ When fertility rates are ________________ populations grow ________________________ unless death rate is also high Age Structure _____________ of population that are at _______________ age levels Rapid growth countries have wide _______________(lots of younger people) _____________ populations have fairly ______________categories Vanishing Species Biodiversity--____________ of life in an ____________ number of different _______________ in given area terrestrial biodiversity_________________ as you move closer to _______________ tropical regions contain ____________- of all land species on Earth ________ islands have more biodiversity than _____________ islands (similar locations/biomes) more space greater variety of ___________________ and ecosystems Importance of Biodiversity 4 Chapter 3 -6 Open Notes Name:___________________________________ Ecology _____________________ Possible unknown relationships Brings _____________________ to ecosystem Meets human needs Potential to improve health (medicines) Biodiversity Loss of Biodiversity Extinction--_______________ of species when last of its ______________ dies Threatened species--_______________ rapidly Endangered species--numbers become so ____________ that extinction is possible _____________ extinctions since 1940’s humans are mainly _______________ Threats to Biodiversity Changes to habitat can threaten organisms with extinction. Three main ways…. -_______________________ -Habitat fragmentation -______________ Habitat Loss _______________ threat to biodiversity __________________ of habitats and organisms can’t ____________ Results from __________________________ and natural disaster Corral Reefs Habitat Fragmentation ________________ of wilderness areas from other wilderness areas Ex: roads cut across wilderness, building projects, etc. Fragmentation Results Habitat Degradation--______________ to a habitat by ____________________ 3 Main types…. ______________ Pollution -_____________________ Pollution -Land Pollution Air Pollution Includes acid rain Damages plant __________ and interferes with ______________ Changes ___________ pH (frogs) Damages ____________ (CFCs) Water Pollution Results from ____________ fertilizers, ____________ blooms, silt, detergents, heavy metals, and solid pollutants Point-source vs. Non-point source Land Pollution ___________________ Land Pollution Exotic Species Organisms not _______________ to a particular ________________ Ex: Kudzu 5 Chapter 3 -6 Open Notes Ecology Name:___________________________________ Grow at ____________________ rate due to lack of __________________ and lack of _________________ May take over ___________________- and eventually replace ________________ species Exotic Species Conservation of Biodiversity Strategies of Conservation --___________ to protect biodiversity -US Endangered Species Act -Nature preserves and National Parks -__________________________ -_______________________________ -Reintroduction programs US Endangered Species Act Became law in 1973 Made it illegal to _____________ any ______________ on endangered or __________________ species lists Also illegal for ______________ agencies to fund any project that would____________organisms on these lists includes ________________ their ___________________ Ex: bald eagle, American alligator Nature Preserves/National Parks Best way to _____________ species is to____________ whole communities and ecosystems only ______________ of Earth’s land surface is ___________________ Yellow Stone Sustainable Use Using resources of ______________ areas in ways that will not ________________ the ecosystem Harvesting ____________________ nuts rather than cutting down the trees Habitat Corridors Natural strips of land/water that allow _______________ of organisms from one area to another Overcomes__________________fragmentation Reintroduction Programs ______________ of _________________ into an area where their ______________ once lived California condors Reintroduction Programs 6