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Transcript
Evolution Objectives Natural Selection: 1. State the 2 major points Darwin made in Origin of Species concerning the earth's biota 2. Describe G. Cuvier's contribution to paleontology 3. Explain how Cuvier and his followers used the concept of catastrophism to oppose evolution 4. Explain how the principle of gradualism and C. Lyell's theory of uniformitarianism influenced Darwin's ideas about evolution 5. Describe J. B. Lamarck's model for how adaptations evolve 6. Describe how Darwin used his observations from the voyage of the HMs Beagle to formulate and support his theory of evolution 7. Describe how Alfred Russell Wallace influenced Darwin 8. Explain what Darwin meant by the principle of common descent and descent with modification 9. Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time 10. State 3 inferences Darwin made from his observations which led him to propose natural selection as a mechanism for evolutionary change 11. Explain why variation is so important to Darwin's theory 12. Explain how Thomas Malthus' essay influenced Darwin 13. Distinguish between artificial selection and natural selection 14. Explain why the population is the smallest unit that can evolve 15. Using some contemporary examples, explain how natural selection results in evolutionary change 16. Explain why the emergence of population genetics was an important turning point fo evolutionary theory 17. Describe the lines of evidence Darwin used to support the principle of common descent 18. Describe how molecular biology can be used to study evolutionary relationships among organisms Species and Populations: 1. Explain how micro-evolutionary change can affect a gene pool 2. state the Hardy-Weinberg theorem 3. Write the general Hardy-Weinberg equation and use it to calculate allele and genotype frequencies 4. Explain the consequences of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 5. Demonstrate that a disequilibrium population requires only one generation of random mating to establish Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 6. Describe the usefulness of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model to population genetics 7. List the conditions a population must meet in order to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 8. Explain how genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, nonrandom mating, and natural selection can cause microevolution. 9. Explain the role of population size in genetic drift 10. Distinguish between the bottleneck effect and the founder effect 11. Explain why mutation has little quantitative effect on a large population 12. Describe how inbreeding and assortive mating affect a population's allele frequencies and genotype frequencies 13. List factors that produce geographic variation among closely related populations 14. Explain why even though mutation can be a source of genetic variability, it contributes a negligible amount to genetic variation in a population 15. Explain how genetic variation may be preserved in a natural population 16. Describe the neutral theory of molecular evolution and explain how changes in gene frequency may be non-adaptive 17. Explain the concept of relative fitness and its role in adaptive evolution 18. Explain why the rate of decline for a deleterious allele depends upon whether the allele is dominant or recessive to the more successful allele 19. Describe what selection acts on and what factors contribute to the overall fitness of a genotype 20. Give examples of how an organism's phenotype may be influenced by the environment 21. Distinguish among stabilizing selection, directional selection, and diversifying selection 22. Define sexual dimorphism and explain how it can influence evolutionary change 23. Give 4 reasons why natural selection cannot breed perfect organism 24. Define morphospecies and explain how this concept can be useful to biologists 25. Define biological species (E. Mayr) 26. Describe some limitations of the biological species concept 27. Explain how gene flow between closely related species can be prevented 28. Distinguish between prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms 29. Describe 5 prezygotic isolating mechanisms and give an example of each 30. Explain why many hybrids are sterile 31. Explain how hybrid breakdown maintains separate species even if gene flow occurs 32. Distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation 33. Explain the allopatric speciation model and describe the role of intraspecific variation and geographical isolation 34. Explain why peripheral isolates are susceptible if geographic barriers arise 35. Describe the adaptive radiation model and use it to describe how it might be possible to have many sympatric closely related species even if geographic isolation is necessary for them to evolve 36. Define sympatric speciation and explain how polyploidy can cause reproductive isolation 37. Distinguish between autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy 38. List some points of agreement and disagreement between the 2 schools of thought about the tempo of speciation (gradualism vs. punctuated equilibrium) Phylogenetics: 1. Explain the importance of the fossil record to the study of evolution 2. Describe how fossils form 3. Distinguish between relative dating and absolute dating 4. Explain how isotopes can be used in absolute dating 5. Explain how continental drift may have played a role in the history of life 6. Describe how radiation into new adaptive zones could result in macroevolutionary change 7. Explain how mass extinctions could occur and affect evolution of surviving forms 8. List the major taxonomic categories from the most to least inclusive 9. Distinguish between homologous and analogous structures 10. Describe 3 techniques used in molecular systematics and explain what information each provides 11. Distinguish between a monophyletic and a polyphyletic group and explain what is meant by a natural taxon 12. Describe the contributions of genetics and cladistics to phylogenetic systematics Origins of Life: 1. Describe the contributions of A. I. Oparin, J. B. S. Haldane, S. Miller, and H. Urey made toward developing a model for abiotic synthesis of organic molecules 2. Provide plausible evidence to support the hypothesis that chemical evolution resulting in life's origin occurred in 4 stages 3. a. Abiotic synthesis of organic monomers b. Abiotic synthesis of polymers c. Formation of protobionts d. Origin of genetic information Describe the basis for the 3-domain and the 6-Kingdom systems