Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
CHAPTER 22 DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION: A DARWINIAN VIEW OF LIFE 22.2 The Darwinian Revolution 1. Describe how Darwin’s observations on the voyage of the HMS Beagle led him to formulate and support his theory of evolution. 2. Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time. 3. Explain how Linnaeus’s classification scheme fit Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. 4. Distinguish between artificial selection and natural selection. 5. Explain why natural selection can act only on heritable traits. 22.3 The Evidence for Evolution 6. Describe the experiments that supported Endler’s hypothesis that differences in color patterns in male guppies are due to selective pressure based on predation. 7. Explain how the fossil record may be used to test our current understanding of evolutionary patterns. 8. Explain how the existence of homologous and vestigial structures can be explained by Darwin’s theory of natural selection. 9. Explain the problem with the statement that Darwinism is “just a theory”. Distinguish between the scientific and colloquial use of the word “theory”. CHAPTER 23 THE EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS 23.1 Genetic Variation, the Substrate for Natural Selection 1. Explain the statement “It is the population, not the individual, that evolves.” 2. Explain how Mendel’s particulate hypothesis of inheritance provided necessary support for Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. 3. Define a cline. 4. Explain why the majority of point mutations are harmless. 5. Explain how sexual recombination generates genetic variability. 23.2 The Hardy-Weinberg Principle 6. Explain why meiosis and random fertilization alone will not alter the frequency of alleles or genotypes in a population. 7. List the five conditions that must be met for a population to remain in HardyWeinberg equilibrium. 8. Write the Hardy-Weinberg equation. Use the equation to calculate allele frequencies when the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals in a population is 25%. 23.3 Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, and Gene Flow 9. Explain the following statement: “Only natural selection leads to the adaptation of organisms to their environment.” 10. Distinguish between the bottleneck effect and the founder effect. Learning Objectives for Campbell/Reece Biology, 8th Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc. 1 of 2 11. Describe how gene flow can act to reduce genetic differences between adjacent populations. 23.4 Natural Selection and Relative Fitness 12. Define relative fitness. 13. Distinguish between intrasexual selection and intersexual selection. 14. Explain how female preferences for showy male traits may benefit the female. 15. Explain how diploidy can protect a rare recessive allele from elimination by natural selection. 16. Define neutral variations. Explain why natural selection does not act on these alleles. 17. List four reasons why natural selection cannot produce perfect organisms. CHAPTER 24 THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES 24.1 What Is a Species? 1. Define Ernst Mayr’s biological species concept. 2. Describe five prezygotic reproductive barriers and give an example of each. 3. Explain a possible cause for hybrid breakdown. 4. Explain how hybrid breakdown maintains separate species even if fertilization occurs. 5. Define and distinguish among the following: ecological species concept, phylogenetic species concept, and morphological species concept. 24.2 Modes of Speciation 6. Define allopatric speciation. Describe the mechanisms that may lead to genetic divergence of isolated gene pools. 7. Explain how reproductive barriers evolve. Describe an example of the evolution of a prezygotic barrier and the evolution of a postzygotic barrier. 8. Define sympatric speciation and explain how polyploidy can cause reproductive isolation. 9. Explain how habitat differentiation has led to sympatric speciation in North American maggot flies. 10. Explain how sexual selection has led to sympatric adaptive radiation in the cichlids of Lake Victoria. Explain how the process of speciation may be reversing, due to pollution in this lake. 24.3 Hybrid Zones 11. Describe examples that illustrate rapid and gradual speciation events. 12. Explain how a small number of genetic changes may lead to speciation in plants and animals. Learning Objectives for Campbell/Reece Biology, 8th Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc. 2 of 2