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The Digestive System Chapter 15 15.1 Functions: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food *absorption of nutrients Consists of alimentary canal and accessory organs Wall of the Alimentary Canal 15.2 Characteristics of the Canal 1. Mucosa - protects tissues and carries absorption 2. Submucosa - glands, blood vessels, nerves 3. Muscular Layer - smooth muscle tissue, circular & longitudinal fibers, pushes food (PERISTALSIS) 4. Serosa (serous layer) - visceral perioneum, outer covering of the tube, lubricates surfaces (serous fluid) Mixing Movements Mixing Movements – rhythmic contractions that mix food with digestive juices Propelling Movements – rings of muscles contract and relax to push food down the canal (PERISTALSIS) Anatomy of the mouth • Mouth – begins digestion by reducing size of particles (chewing) and mixing with saliva • Tongue – moves food during chewing, connects to the floor of the mouth via the frenulum, contains papillae (taste buds) • Palate – forms roof of oral cavity (hard and soft), uvula at back of the mouth • Palatine tonsils – back of the mouth/throat, organs that protect against infection • Teeth – primary vs. secondary teeth; incisors, cuspids, bicuspids (premolars), molars Teeth Incisors Cuspid (canine) Bicuspids Molars Anatomy of the Mouth Anatomy of a Tooth • Crown – projects above the gums • Root – anchored to the alveolar process of the jaw • Enamel – made of calcium salts, hardest substance in body (outer surface) • Dentin – similar to bone, surrounds tooth’s central cavity • Blood vessels and nerves extend through the tooth via the root canal Tooth Decay METH MOUTH ROOT CANAL Salivary Glands Serous cells produce amylase – splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides Mucous cells produce mucus – lubrication during swallowing 1. Parotid Glands 2. Submandibular Glands 3. Sublingual Glands Pharynx • Pharynx – nasal and oral cavitiesnasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx Esophagus • Esophagus – moves to the stomach, penetrates the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus • Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) - prevent food and chemicals from moving up out of stomach STOMACH MUSCLES: • J-shaped, pouchlike organs that hangs inferior to the diaphragm, 1 liter capacity • 3 sets of stomach muscles: longitudinal, oblique, circular Greater and Lesser Curvature Stomach Four main parts of the stomach 1. Cardiac (esophageal opening, cardiac sphincter) 2. Fundic (temporary storage area, lies slightly above the cardiac region) 3. Body (central area of the stomach) 4. Pyloric (pyloric sphincter controls emptying of the stomach into the sm. Intestine) Stomach Lining • Lining of the stomach is a mucous membrane – with small openings called gastric pits, containing gastric glands • Gastric Juice - contain enzymes that break down food – pepsin • Chyme – paste of food molecules after its been broken down by the movement of stomach and gastric juices, it is released from the pyloric sphincter valve into the first portion of the small intestine – duodenum • Rugae – folds within the stomach, increase surface area Mucus prevents stomach from digesting itself PANCREAS • Has endocrine and exocrine functions • Secretes pancreatic juice as well as insulin to break down sugars • Pancreatic juice – digests fats, breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides Liver BILIARY SYSTEM – functions to create bile used in digestion; liver, gall bladder and ducts LIVER- has large right lobe and small left lobe Hepatic portal vein – delivers blood to the liver Liver - ducts and vessels • Hepatic portal vein – delivers blood to the liver Liver Functions • Functions: • maintains normal concentration of blood glucose • breakdown of lipids and fats • protein metabolism (forming urea synthesizing plasma proteins such as clotting factors, converting amino acids) • stores iron and vitamins • destroys damaged red blood cells • removes toxic substances from the blood • secretes bile Remember Bili Lights? Using bili lights is a therapeutic procedure performed on newborn or premature infants to reduce elevated levels of bilirubin. If blood levels of bilirubin become too high, the bilirubin begins to dissolve in the body tissues, producing the characteristic yellow eyes and skin of jaundice. Bile – yellowish-green liquid secreted from hepatic cells (when bile pigments build up in blood, skin turns green, a condition called jaundice). The hepatic duct joins the cystic duct to form the common bile duct, which empties into the duodenum Bile aids in digestion, bile salts break down fat globules into smaller droplets – emulsification Small Intestine *tubular organ that extends from the pyloric sphincter, many loops and coils, fills much of the abdominal cavity *receives secretions from the pancreas and liver, completes digestion of nutrients and chime, absorbs 1. Duodenum - first part of the small intestine 2. Jejunum – second part, ~2.2 m 3. Ilium – third part, longest ~3.3 m *jejunum and ilium are continuous Small Intestine cont. • Mesentery – supports the coils of the small intestine, contains blood vessels to carry nutrients away • Greater Omentum – peritoneum membrane that drapes like an apron over parts of the system Intestinal Villi – increase surface area for absorption *the main function of the small intestine is to secrete chemicals to break down food and carry away these nutrients in the blood (absorption) Greater Omentum a "curtain-like" membrane that covers the intestines, stores fat and lays like a drape Greater Omentum Large Intestine 1. Cecum – beginning of the large intestine, pouchlike, closed end called the vermiform appendix (ileocecal valve) 2. Colon – ascending / transverse / descending / sigmoid 3. Rectum – stores waste before it is expelled from the body 4. Anal canal - ends in the anus, muscular sphincter which controls the exit of waste Function of Large Intestine • Functions – • secretes mucus to protect the wall against abrasion; • re-absorbs water and passes along material that was not digested; • contains intestinal flora (bacteria to break down cellulose, also produce intestinal gas) Mass movements – large portions of the colon contract to move material through it, 2-3 times a day usually after eating The main job is WATER REABSORPTION... How to Make Fake Poop... LABEL THIS! 1. esophagus 2. liver 3. stomach 4. pyloric sphincter 5. duodenum 6. pancreas 7. jejunum 8. ileum 9. cecum 10. appendix 11. ascending colon 12. descending colon 13. sigmoid colon 14. anus Nutrition Disorders of the Digestive System GERD Gastroesophageal reflux disease Dysentery or Diarrhea HEPATITIS A, B, C Hepatitis A is caused by eating food and drinking water infected with a virus called HAV. While it can cause swelling and inflammation in the liver, it doesn't lead to chronic, or life long, disease. Almost everyone who gets hepatitis A has a full recovery, but may need hospitization Hepatitis B is caused by the virus HBV. It is spread by contact with an infected person's blood, semen, or other body fluid. And, it is a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Information on Hepatitis B Some people never develop symptoms, others develop chronic symptoms that stay with them their whole life. Hepatitis C is caused by the virus HCV. It is spread the same way as hepatitis B, through contact with an infected person's blood, semen, or body fluid (see above). Like hepatitis B, hepatitis C causes swelling of the liver and can cause liver damage that can lead to cancer. Most people who have hepatitis C develop a chronic infection. This may lead to a scarring of the liver, called cirrhosis. Blood banks test all donated blood for hepatitis C, greatly reducing the risk for getting the virus from blood transfusions or blood products. Crohn’s Disease IBS - Irritable Bowel Syndrome STOMACH ULCERS Lactose Intolerance Inability to digest milk, can cause stomach upset Appendicitis Hernia intestines poke through abdominal muscles When people with celiac disease eat foods or use products containing gluten, their immune system responds by damaging or destroying villi Without healthy villi, a person becomes malnourished, no matter how much food one eats. Gallstones (Cholelithiasis) Gallstones are made from cholesterol and other things found in the bile. They can be smaller than a grain of sand or as large as a golf ball. Gastric Bypass Surgery Colon Cancer Colonoscopy is a screening technique to detect cancer. See Katie Couric's Colonoscopy