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22 Created by Boundless Why was Julius Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon with a legion significant? A Another legion was already stationed at the Rubicon, and Caesar's crossing ignored its presence. B It symbolized his entering of Roman territory under arms against the city. C The Rubicon was the sacred haven of the goddess Roma, and the presence of a legion was offensive. D The senate had specifically placed the Rubicon out of Julius Caesar's jurisdiction. 23 Created by Boundless Which of the following statements best summarizes the grievances Julius Caesar's assassins held against him? A Julius Caesar had accumulated too much power and was watering down the prestige of the Senate. B Julius Caesar had drained Roman resources to wage his wars in Gaul. C Julius Caesar had passed many laws that contradicted the populist agenda. D Julius Caesar had directly insulted the divine patrons of Rome. 24 Created by Boundless Which of the following did Caesar NOT do to reduce the power of the senate? A He passed a law that subject the governor to term limits. B He raised the number of senators to 900, and appointed his men as new senators C He granted himself a special command in Asia against the wishes of the senate. D He declared himself to be "dictator in perpituity." 25 Created by Boundless Which of the following groups did the young Octavian ingratiate himself with to gain political power? A The people of Rome. B All of these answers. C The senate. D His adoptive father's legions. 26 Created by Boundless Whom of the following was NOT a member of the Second Triumvirate? 27 A Lepidus B Marc Antony C Octavian D Cicero Created by Boundless Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes Octavian's rise to power? A He won the love of the people and used them to manipulate his political enemies. B He was ruthless militarily and overpowered his enemies with brute force. C He made shrewd alliances and quickly garnered both power and the trust of the senate. D He used his family wealth to buy the senate and other important men in Rome. 28 Created by Boundless A B C D 29 Created by Boundless Why was the closing of the Gates of Janus significant during the Pax Romana? A All of these answers. B The open Gates symbolized Rome's struggle with the Parthians, which Augustus finally resolved. C The closing of the Gates of Janus was a symbolic gesture of deference to the emperor. D The Gates of Janus were only closed during times of peace. 30 Created by Boundless Which of the following was NOT done by emperors to celebrate times of peace? A Commissioning literature extolling the benefits of the Pax Romana B All of these answers C Issuing coins with Pax on the reverse D Putting on lavish ceremonies and games 31 Created by Boundless Why did Augustus have to employ propaganda to make the Pax Romana tenable to Romans? A He had to persuade Romans prosperity through peace was better than the gains of fighting a war. B The Roman pantheon had decreed that Rome was destined to remain at war. C His political opponents were using peace as a symbol of Augustus' ineptitude. D The Romans were lacking in key resources that other empires had. 32 Created by Boundless Which of the following ideals is symbolized on the Ara Pacis? A All of these answers. B Peace, prosperity, and fertility. C Roman subjugation of other peoples. D The wrath of the Roman pantheon. 33 Created by Boundless Who of the following is NOT one of the Five Good Emperors? A Augustus B Hadrian C Nerva D Trajan 34 Created by Boundless Although there are many reasons for Rome's Golden Age, there is one characteristic of the first five of the six successions during this period to which the Golden Age is often attributed. What is that characteristic? 35 A The conscious adoption of an emperor's successor over inheritance. B A period of mentoring and apprenticeship for an emperor's successor. C The consensus of the senate in choosing an emperor's successor. D All of these answers. Created by Boundless Which of the following emperors is correctly paired with his achievement? A Trajan - attained the empire's maximum territorial extent B Hadrian - implemented various social welfare policies C Nerva - wrote several key works of Stoic philosophy D Marcus Aurelius - created a popular cult in the name of his Greek lover 36 Created by Boundless Why did Diocletian establish the Tetrarchy? A The other Tetrarchs threatened him with and political rebellion and assassination. B All of these answers. C He was under increasing pressure from the senate to distribute power he had collected. D He sought to reorganize and stabilize a crumbling and overextended empire. 37 Created by Boundless Which of the following did Diocletian do to establish the Tetrarchy? A He increased the state's expenditures and necessitated a comprehensive tax reform. B He established new administrative centers in Nicomedia, Mediolanum, Antioch, and Trier. C All of these answers. D He separated and enlarged the empire's civil and military services. 38 Created by Boundless How was the Tetrarchy structured? A Two Augusti and subordinate Caesars in both the East and the West B An Augustus in the West and three subordinate Caesars in the East C An Augustus in the East and a subordinate Caesar in the West D An Augustus and a subordinate Caesar in both the East and the West 39 Created by Boundless Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the Tetrarchy? A Rome remained an operational capital, though other capitals were also added. B Each emperor had a zone of influence within the empire, but mainly within the theatre of war. C All of these answers. D The Caesars would choose the next Augusti upon the abdication of the previous Augusti. 40 Created by Boundless Which of the following statements most accurate describes the change in attitudes towards Christians during the Roman empire? A They enjoyed acceptance under earlier emperors, but were increasingly persecuted during and after the Tetrarchy. B They were persecuted till the fall of the Roman empire, at which point they gained acceptance. C They were persecuted under earlier emperors, but enjoyed increasing acceptance during and after the Tetrarchy. D They were persecuted till the Edict of Milan, at which point they gained acceptance. 41 Created by Boundless What did Constantine see at the Battle of Milvian Bridge to prompt his official conversion to Christianity? A All of these answers. B A cross of light above it with the Greek for "in this sign you shall conquer." C A halo of light enveloping the face of Jesus Christ D The Christian symbol Chi-Rho 42 Created by Boundless Why were Christians persecuted under earlier Roman emperors? 43 A Their refusal to participate in the Imperial Cult was considered treasonous. B Their customs and practices were directly forbidden by the Roman state religion. C Rome's enemies were increasingly Christian and Christianity was seen as foreign. D Romulus had forbidden the existence of another religion in the Roman constitution. Created by Boundless How did the Edict of Milan change the standing of Christianity in the Roman empire? A None of these answers. B The edict officially forbade the practice of Christianity within the empire. C The edict made the empire officially neutral with regard to religious worship. D The edict made Christianity the official state religion of the empire. 44 Created by Boundless Which of the following is NOT a reason for the collapse of the Roman empire? A Population increased in the provinces of the empire, which made the empire less centralized. B The West and the East began to diverge politically and culturally. C Barbarian invasions further destabilized the already crumbling west. D The government became more autocratic and ritualized. 45 Created by Boundless Why did the eastern and western parts of the empire become increasingly divided? A All of these answers. B The West remained primarily Latin-speaking, while the East was primarily Greek-speaking. C Because of the Tetrarchy, multiple emperors ruled the empire and presided over different regions. D 46 Constantine moved the official capital of the empire from Rome to Constantinople. Created by Boundless Which of the following is NOT a theory for the fall of the Roman empire? A Catastrophic collapse B Decay owing to general malaise C Transformation D Environmental catastrophe