Download Mutations Mutations occur when inserting and deleting one or

Mutations
Mutations occur when inserting and deleting one or multiple nucleotides
alter genes. There are many ways that mutations can build up over a lifetime
through environmental factors such as smoking. Smoking can change the genes in
your DNA. This may affect the way your tissue replicates itself in your lungs.
Another way is UV radiation. This can change the DNA sequences in your skin cells
so they do not replicate correctly. Radioactivity is another risk factor for mutations.
Also changes the genes in your DNA to read for incorrect proteins. If you do not
exercise enough, your cells do not divide enough and get lazy and make more
mistakes. These mistakes could happen on your extrons. There are many chemicals
in foods and other products we use every day that can get into our cells and have an
effect on out DNA sequences. You can also get mutations in your DNA due to factors
that you cannot control. One is heredity. If your parents or grandparents have had
cancer or other mutations, you are at risk also. Another is age. Throughout your
lifetime you experience the aging process which presents you many factors that
could give mutations.
This is what an original DNA sequence: TAC, CGC, TTG, CTA, TCG, CGA, TGT,
GGC, CTC, TAA, ACT
Complimentary DNA sequence: ATG, GCG, AAC, GAT, AGC, GCT, ACA, CCG,
GAG, ATT, TGA
mRNA sequence of original: AUG, GCG, AAC, GAU, AGC, GCU, ACA, CCG, GAG,
AUU, UGA
tRNA sequence: UAC, CGC, UUG, CUA, UCG, CGA, UGU, GGC, CUC, UAA, ACU
Protein sequence: Start, Alanine, Asparagine, Asparate, Serine, Alanine,
Threonine, Proline, Glutamate, Isoleucine, Stop
Point mutation: TAC, CGC, TTG, CTA, TCG, CGA, TGT, GGC, CTC, TAA, ACT
TAC, CGC, TTG, CTA, TCG, AGA, TGT, GGC, CTC, TAA, ACT
AUG, GCG, AAC, GAU, AGC, UCU, ACA, CCG, GAG, AUU, UGA
Protein sequence: Start, Alanine, Asparagine, Asparate, Serine, Serine,
Threonine, Arganine, Glutamate, Isoleucine, Stop
On the sixth codon, the first nucleotide was changed to a uracil instead of
alnine. The codon originally coded for Alanine, but now it codes for Serine.
Frame shift deletion: TAC, CGC, TTG, CTA, TCG, CGA, TGT, GGC, CTC, TAA, ACT
TAC, CGC, TTG, CTA, TCG, CGA, TGT, GCC, TCT, AAA, CT
AUG, GCG, AAC, GAU, AGC, UCU, ACA, CGG, AGA, UUU, GA
Protein sequence: Start, Alanine, Asparagine, Asparate, Serine, Serine,
Threonine, Arginine, Arginine, phenylalanine, (Glutamate or aspartate)
On the 8th codon, the first nucleotide is deleted. All if following nucleotides
are shifted over one to the left because of it. It now codes for Arganine,
phenylalanine, and glutamate or aspartate instead of glutamate, isoleucine, and stop.
Frame Shift insertion: TAC, CGC, TTG, CTA, TCG, CGA, TGT, GGC, CTC, TAA,
ACT
TAC, CGC, TTG, CTA, TCG, CGA, TGT, GGC, ACT,CTA,
AAC, T
AUG, GCG, AAC, GAU, AGC, GCU, ACA, CCG, UGA, GAU,
UUG, A
Protein sequence: Start, Alanine, Asparagine, Asparate, Serine, Alanine,
Threonine, Proline, STOP, Aspartate, Leucine, something stating with A
In the 8th codon, and alnine is inserted as the first nucletide. This shifts all
other nucleotides after over one space to the right. This now codes for stop,
aspeartate, leucine, and something starting with A
Everyone has mutations, but in most of us, they are not expressed because
there are two different types of genes. There are introns and extrons. About 95% of
our genes are introns and about 5% are extrons. Extrons are the genes in your DNA
that are actually expressed or used. The introns are not used. There are so many
more instrons than extrons because your DNA is bound to make mistakes, but if
there are a lot more useless genes, there is a better chance the mistakes will be
made on them, not he extrons. Also it there is a mutation on your extrons, there is
still a chance that it will not affect you. This is because it a nucleotide is changed
(most likely a third nucleotide) it still may code for the same protein.
Example: GCG They still both code for Alanine even though the guanine isnow a adamine
GCA