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BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION YAHNER CHAP 08 BIODIVERSITY http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hot spots http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biodiversit y/ BIODIVERSITY WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY? • THE VARIETY WITHIN AND AMONG BIOTIC COMMUNITIES AT A GIVEN SITE OR AREA OR • THE VARIETY OF LIFE AND ITS PROCESSES OR • THE VARIETY AND THE ABUNDANCE OF SPECIES, THEIR GENETIC DIVERSITY, AND THE COMMUNITIES, ECOSYSTEMS, AND LANDSCAPES IN WHICH A SPECIES OCCURS BIODIVERSITY GENETIC DIVERSITY • THE SMALLEST SCALE OF BIODIVERSITY • THE VARIATION IN GENETIC MAKEUP OF INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAME SPECIES W/N A POPULATION OR GROUP OF POPULATIONS IN A GIVEN GEOGRAPHIC AREA HETEROZYGOSITY AND NUMBERS OF ALLELES ALLOWS FOR ADAPTATION TO CHANGES IN • ENVIRONMENT • CLIMATE FOR LONG TERM SURVIVAL BIODIVERSITY GENETIC DIVERSITY • NEEDS TO BE KNOWN FOR SPP NEEDING PROTECTION • BLACK BEARS AND YELLOW-BELLIED-SLIDER TURTLES HAVE RECEIVED ATTENTION • OTHER THREATENED SPP NEED ATTENTION RED WOLF? FLORIDA PANTHER? GRAY WOLF? BIODIVERSITY SPECIES DIVERSITY • THE VARIETY OF LIVING ORGANISMS • RECOGNISED BY LEOPOLD IN 1933 • NUMBER OF SPP OR SPP ABUNDANCE IS ALPHA (α) SPP DIVERSITY • BETA (β) SPP DIVERSITY COMPARES ONE ECOSYSTEM WITH ANOTHER ECOSYSTEM • GAMMA (γ ) SPP DIVERSITY IS THE # OF SPP OVER A BROAD GEOGRAPHIC AREA WITH NO REFERENCE TO ABUNDANCE • GAMMA IS RECEIVING MORE ATTENTION BIODIVERSITY SPECIES DIVERSITY • GAMMA DIVERSITY BREEDING BIRD SURVEYS U.S. FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE & CANADIAN WS HOUSE SPARROW HAS DECLINED IN E U.S. HOUSE FINCH HAS INCREASED OTHER INCREASES SEEN IN BLACK-CAPPED CHICADEES, HOUSE WRENS, AMER ROBINS A DECREASE IS SEEN IN FLICKERS DUE TO COMPETITION WITH EUROPEAN STARLINGS BIODIVERSITY http://cnx.org/content/m12147/latest/ AN EXAMPLE OF THE APPLICATION OF THE TYPES OF SPECIES DIVERSITY INFLUENCE ON SPECIES RICHNESS (SOURCE NOT VERIFIED) BIODIVERSITY COMMUNITY DIVERSITY • THE VARIETY OF COMMNITIES OR ECOSYSTEMS THAT OCCUR OVER A BROAD GEOGRAPHIC REGION OR LANDSCAPE UPLAND FORESTS RANGING TO BOTTOMLAND WETLANDS UNIQUE HABITATS ARE SEEN ALONG THE GRADIENT DECLINE IN APPALACHIAN WOODRAT IN NJ, NY, PA IS UNEXPLAINED BIODIVERSITY LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY THE LARGEST SCALE OF BIODIVERSITY INCORPORATES INTERACTING COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS THE LARGE STATE AND FEDERAL LANDS ARE GOOD EXAMPLES MANAGEMENT AT THESE LEVELS MAY BE ESSENTIAL TO CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY MAINTENANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN INCREASINGLY ESSENTIAL NON-RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCE ENVIRONMENTAL & ECONOMIC VALUE AT $300 BILLION / Y ANNUAL LOSS OF FLORA AND FAUNA IS 20,000 TO 50,000 SPECIES / YEAR THAT IS 55 - 150 SPECIES / DAY BIODIVERSITY MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN A SPECIES MAY REQUIRE 2,000 TO 10,000 GENERATIONS TO EVOLVE A LEGACY IS LOST WHEN A SP IS EXTINCT FOR SOME SPP, THEY HAVE YET TO BE NAMED PRIOR TO EXTINCTION FEW PEOPLE ARE BEING TRAINED TO NAME AND IDENTIFY SPP BIODIVERSITY MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN BIODIVERSITY IS THE BASIS OF THE ECOSYSTEM HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF THE FOREST DEPENDS ON BIODIVERSITY • PLANTS AS PRODUCER ORGANISMS • ANIMALS AS CONSUMER ORGANISMS BIODIVERSITY MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN BIODIVERSITY IS A SOURCE OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES • FOOD • 175 FOODS, 52 BEVERAGES OF FOREST ORIGIN • 90% DOMESTICATED PLANTS HAVE ORIGIN IN THE TROPIC FORESTS • OF 250 K PLANTS 20 K HAVE BEEN FOOD FOR HUMANS BIODIVERSITY MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN BIODIVERSITY IS A SOURCE OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES • FOOD 90 % WORLD FOOD COMES FROM 100 PLANTS SEED BANKS PRESERVE GENETIC LINEAGES OF CULTIVATED PLANTS http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2008/02/28/world/200802 28VAULT_10.html BIODIVERSITY MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN BIODIVERSITY PROVIDES CHEMICALS USEFUL TO HUMANS • • • • • MEDICINES 400 MEDICINES USED BY NATIVE AMERICANS TODAY 25 % DRUGS ARE OF PLANT SOURCES WILLOW BARK AND ASPIRIN I.E. PACIFIC YEW AND TAXOL BIODIVERSITY MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN BIODIVERSITY PROVIDES CHEMICALS USEFUL TO HUMANS PLANT-BASED DRUGS; ECONOMIC IMPACT • $36 BILL U.S. • $200 BILL WORLDWIDE BIODIVERSITY MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN BIODIVERSITY AESTHETICS AND RECREATION • BIRDING, ECOTOURISM, HUNTING, FISHING 50+% OF U.S. POPULATION • $60 BILL BUSINESS OF OUTDOOR RECREATION • $20 BILL / Y TO BIRDERS ALONE 20-30 MILL PEOPLE BIODIVERSITY MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN BIODIVERSITY AESTHETICS AND RECREATION • 1996 DATA 35 MILL FISHED 14 MILL HUNTED 49 MILL SPENT $72 BILL 63 MILL OBS/FED/PHOTO AND SPENT $29 MILL BIODIVERSITY MAINTENTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY IS A CONCERN BIODIVERSITY; A LEGAL BASIS • NAT ENVIRON POLICY ACT 1969 • ENDANGERED SPP ACT 1973 • NAT FOREST MANAGEMENT ACT 1976 THE PUBLIC HAS BECOME MORE AWARE AND SHOWS A GREATER CONCERN FOR BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LEGISLATION ESA, 1973 • FOUNDATION OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION • PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION • FOR ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPP AND HABITAT • 80% SPP WERE FULL SPP; 18% SUBSPP • 2% POPULATIONS • http://www.fws.gov/endangered/ BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LEGISLATION ESA, 1973 • 1,000 AVE POPULATION SIZE FOR ANIMALS • 120 PLANTS RECOVERY PLANS INCLUDE • NATURAL HISTORY OF SP • ACTIONS TO REDUCE THREAT • SCHEDULE OF RECOVERY BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LEGISLATION ESA, 1973 • 344 RECOVERY PLANS 306 FOR SINGLE SP (89%) 26 FOR MORE THAN ONE SP 12 FOR A KEYSTONE SP THIS MAY REQUIRE 50 Y AND $4.6 BILLION BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LEGISLATION ESA AMENDED 1988 • TO CONSERVE ECOSYSTEMS • THIS IS PROACTIVE; SP CONCERN- REACTIVE • IDENTIFY HABITATS & COMMUNITIES WHERE DEGRADATION IS SEEN • IDEA IS TO PREVENT FURTHER HABITAT LOSS • THIS DEALS WITH ALL SPP BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LEGISLATION ESA AMENDED 1988 • A BEAURCRATIC PROBLEM • A THREAT TO PROGRESS SNAIL DARTER, TN DAM MT GRAHAM RED SQUIRREL, OBSERVATORY SPOTTED OWL, NW LOGGING LOCAL: • APPALACHIAN CRAYFISH • LONG-NOSED SUCKER • $700 MILLION FOR 40% SPP LISTED BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LEGISLATION ESA AMENDED 1988 • FUTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR ESA MAY BE PUBLIC EDUCATION PUBLIC CONSULTATION COMPENSATION • FEWER THAN 10% OF THREATENED SPP OCCUR ON FEDERAL LANDS • SHIFT MORE RESPONSIBILITY TO STATES BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LEGISLATION ESA AMENDED 1988 • THIS IS MORE THAN A NATIONAL PROBLEM • CONCERN EXTENDS ACROSS THE GLOBE • 1992- EARTH SUMMIT IN RIO http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html • 2002- EARTH SUMMIT IN JOHANNESBURG http://www.earthsummit2002.org/ • 2012- EARTH SUMMIT IN BRAZIL http://www.earthsummit2012.org/ BIODIVERSITY HOW MUCH DIVERSITY IS ENOUGH? NOTE THE ATTEMPTS TO SAVE THE CALIFORNIA CONDOR IS THE EFFORT TO SAVE THE AMERICAN WOODRAT WORTH TIME AND MONEY? THERE ARE TWO APPROACHES • BIOCENTRIC- ALL SPP EQUALLY IMPORTANT • ECOCENTRIC- EFFORT IS PLACED ON HABITAT BIODIVERSITY HOW MUCH DIVERSITY IS ENOUGH? THE ANSWER REMAINS UNKNOWN MANAGEMENT FOR ENDANGERED SPP IS NOT VERY PRECISE GRASSLANDS IN THE N.E. ARE DECLINING • BIRD SPP ARE DECLINING • FURTHER LOSSES OF GRASSLANDS WILL AFFECT N. HARRIERS, GRASSHOPPER SPARROWS BIODIVERSITY HOW MUCH DIVERSITY IS ENOUGH? SMALL SCALE FORESTRY HAS IMPACT AT THE LOCAL LEVEL HOWEVER, EDGES ARE CREATED • EXOTIC SPP MAY INVADE CLEAR CUT SHOULD NOT OCCUR IN GOSHAWK AREAS A HIGHER SPP DIVERSITY IS RECOMMENDED BIODIVERSITY HOW MUCH DIVERSITY IS ENOUGH? THE TACT VARIES FOR THE SPP TO BE CONSERVED • A KEYSTONE SP IS TREATED DIFFERENT • GENETIC DIVERSITY REQUIRES OTHER TECHNIQUES • THERE IS NO ONE QUICK ANSWER • CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY REQUIRES SPECIAL PLANNING • http://www.fws.gov/endangered/ BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY, SUSTAINABILITY AND ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT • TRADITIONAL VIEW OF SUSTAINABILITY MANAGE FOR AN INDEFINITTE FUTURE • A MORE RECENT VIEW THE LONG TERM CAPACITY OF THE ECOSYSTEMS TO PRODUCE VALUES FOR SOCIETY BIRDS, MAMMALS, TREES AND MICROORGANISMS IN SOIL, INVERTEBRATES, HERB PLANTS BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY, SUSTAINABILITY AND ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT • ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT THIS ADDRESSES CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY • MAINTAIN VIABLE POPULATIONS OF ALL SPP • ENSURE PRESERVATION OF ALL NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS • POSSIBLY NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IS A BETTER DESCRIPTER BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY, SUSTAINABILITY AND ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT • ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT IT MAKES MORE SENSE TO WORK FOR SEVERAL SPP RATHER THAN ONE ADDRESSES A RANGE OF SPATIAL SCALES • LANDSCAPE, MANAGEMENT, THE DYNAMIC NATURE OF ECOSYSTEMS, • INTEGRATES ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES REQUIRES NEW PARTNERSHIPS-FEDERAL-STATELOCAL BIODIVERSITY BIODIVERSITY, SUSTAINABILITY AND ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT • ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT REQUIRES COMPROMISES CONSERVATION VS THE GOOD OF SOCIETY BALANCE ECOSYSTEMS WITH NEEDED COMMODITIES BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT FOREST MANAGEMENT HAS THE GREATEST POTENTIAL FOR CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY ROTATIONS TEND TO OCCUR IN DECADES OF YEARS MANIPULATIONS CAN BE VARIED STATE AND NATIONAL PARKS REPRESENT LARGE TRACTS SET ASIDE BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT THE NORTHEAST IS MORE AWARE OF PROTECTING HABITAT F. MANAGEMENT NEEDS TO BE INNOVATIVE AND INCLUSIVE FOCUS ON • ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPP • SPP OF CONCERN • HABITAT; RESTORATION; ETC. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT • MAINTAIN DIVERSITY OF PLANT & ANIMAL SPP • ENSURE HEALTHY AND DIVERSE HABITATS A NEW LEVEL OF COOPERATION IS NEEDED • PRIVATE FOREST OWNERS NEED TO BE INCLUDED • LINKAGES NEED TO BE MADE BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT • POLICIES REQUIRE CURRENT SCIENCES ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES POLITICAL BACKING • FOREST MANAGEMENT SHOULD HAVE LONG-TERM FOCUS NATIONAL COMMITMENT INTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS WITH THE HUMAN IN MIND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT • GAP ANALYSIS IDENTIFIES GAPS IN BIODIVERSITY FOR NATIVE SPP OR ECOSYSTEMS LANDS MAY BE ACQUIRED TO FILL-IN GAPS PARTNER IN MANAGEMENT PUBLIC AWARENESS IS RAISED BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND FOREST MANAGEMENT • BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE DIVISION - 1996 AKA - NATIONAL BIOLOGICAL SURVEY CONSOLIDATE BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH INVENTORYING MONITORING PROGRAMS A SPECTRUM OF RESEARCH EFFORTS FROM ENDANGERED SPP TO ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT CONSERVATION BIOLOGY IS A RECENT SCIENCE • SINCE THE 1980s • INCORPORATES PRINCIPLES FROM ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY METAPOPULATION THEORIES MORE POWERFUL ANALYSES BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT CONSERVATION BIOLOGY IS A RECENT SCIENCE • • • • INVOLVES POPULATION BIOLOGY, GENETICS, BOTANISTS & ZOOLOGISTS, WILDLIFE BIOL & FORESTRY BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT CONSERVATION BIOLOGY IS A RECENT SCIENCE • CONSERVATION BIOLOGISTS ~ NATURAL HISTORY • CONSERVATION BIOLOGY COMBINES INTERESTS OF WILDLIFE AND FOREST MANAGERS • PRIOR TO 1970 IT WAS DEER MANAGEMENT • AFTER 1970; NON-GAME SPP MANAGEMENT BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT REQUIRES FIELD STUDIES THE ROLE OF THE “STEWARD” PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES AUGMENT LOCAL AND STATE EFFORTS • SOC. OF CONSERVATION BIOLOGISTS http://www.conbio.org/ • ECOL. SOC. OF AMERICA http://www.esa.org/ • WILDLIFE SOCIETY http://www.wildlife.org/index.cfm?CFID=4327719&CFTOKEN=6 1437570