Download BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

BIODIVERSITY AND
CONSERVATION
YAHNER
CHAP 08
BIODIVERSITY
 http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hot
spots
 http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biodiversit
y/
BIODIVERSITY
 WHAT
IS BIODIVERSITY?
• THE VARIETY WITHIN AND AMONG BIOTIC
COMMUNITIES AT A GIVEN SITE OR AREA
OR
• THE VARIETY OF LIFE AND ITS PROCESSES
OR
• THE VARIETY AND THE ABUNDANCE OF
SPECIES, THEIR GENETIC DIVERSITY, AND
THE COMMUNITIES, ECOSYSTEMS, AND
LANDSCAPES IN WHICH A SPECIES OCCURS
BIODIVERSITY
 GENETIC
DIVERSITY
• THE SMALLEST SCALE OF BIODIVERSITY
• THE VARIATION IN GENETIC MAKEUP OF
INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAME SPECIES W/N A
POPULATION OR GROUP OF POPULATIONS IN A
GIVEN GEOGRAPHIC AREA


HETEROZYGOSITY AND NUMBERS OF ALLELES
ALLOWS FOR ADAPTATION TO CHANGES IN
• ENVIRONMENT
• CLIMATE
FOR LONG TERM SURVIVAL
BIODIVERSITY
 GENETIC
DIVERSITY
• NEEDS TO BE KNOWN FOR SPP NEEDING
PROTECTION
• BLACK BEARS AND YELLOW-BELLIED-SLIDER
TURTLES HAVE RECEIVED ATTENTION
• OTHER THREATENED SPP NEED ATTENTION



RED WOLF?
FLORIDA PANTHER?
GRAY WOLF?
BIODIVERSITY
 SPECIES
DIVERSITY
• THE VARIETY OF LIVING ORGANISMS
• RECOGNISED BY LEOPOLD IN 1933
• NUMBER OF SPP OR SPP ABUNDANCE IS ALPHA
(α) SPP DIVERSITY
• BETA (β) SPP DIVERSITY COMPARES ONE
ECOSYSTEM WITH ANOTHER ECOSYSTEM
• GAMMA (γ ) SPP DIVERSITY IS THE # OF SPP
OVER A BROAD GEOGRAPHIC AREA WITH NO
REFERENCE TO ABUNDANCE
• GAMMA IS RECEIVING MORE ATTENTION
BIODIVERSITY
 SPECIES
DIVERSITY
• GAMMA DIVERSITY






BREEDING BIRD SURVEYS
U.S. FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE & CANADIAN WS
HOUSE SPARROW HAS DECLINED IN E U.S.
HOUSE FINCH HAS INCREASED
OTHER INCREASES SEEN IN BLACK-CAPPED
CHICADEES, HOUSE WRENS, AMER ROBINS
A DECREASE IS SEEN IN FLICKERS DUE TO
COMPETITION WITH EUROPEAN STARLINGS
BIODIVERSITY
 http://cnx.org/content/m12147/latest/
 AN
EXAMPLE OF THE APPLICATION OF
THE TYPES OF SPECIES DIVERSITY
 INFLUENCE
ON SPECIES RICHNESS
 (SOURCE NOT VERIFIED)
BIODIVERSITY
 COMMUNITY
DIVERSITY
• THE VARIETY OF COMMNITIES OR
ECOSYSTEMS THAT OCCUR OVER A BROAD
GEOGRAPHIC REGION OR LANDSCAPE



UPLAND FORESTS RANGING TO BOTTOMLAND
WETLANDS
UNIQUE HABITATS ARE SEEN ALONG THE
GRADIENT
DECLINE IN APPALACHIAN WOODRAT IN NJ, NY,
PA IS UNEXPLAINED
BIODIVERSITY
 LANDSCAPE




DIVERSITY
THE LARGEST SCALE OF BIODIVERSITY
INCORPORATES INTERACTING
COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS
THE LARGE STATE AND FEDERAL LANDS
ARE GOOD EXAMPLES
MANAGEMENT AT THESE LEVELS MAY BE
ESSENTIAL TO CONSERVING
BIODIVERSITY
BIODIVERSITY
 MAINTENANCE
OF BIODIVERSITY IS A
CONCERN





INCREASINGLY ESSENTIAL
NON-RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCE
ENVIRONMENTAL & ECONOMIC VALUE AT
$300 BILLION / Y
ANNUAL LOSS OF FLORA AND FAUNA IS
20,000 TO 50,000 SPECIES / YEAR
THAT IS 55 - 150 SPECIES / DAY
BIODIVERSITY
 MAINTENTANCE OF
BIODIVERSITY IS A
CONCERN




A SPECIES MAY REQUIRE 2,000 TO 10,000
GENERATIONS TO EVOLVE
A LEGACY IS LOST WHEN A SP IS EXTINCT
FOR SOME SPP, THEY HAVE YET TO BE
NAMED PRIOR TO EXTINCTION
FEW PEOPLE ARE BEING TRAINED TO
NAME AND IDENTIFY SPP
BIODIVERSITY
 MAINTENTANCE OF
BIODIVERSITY IS A
CONCERN


BIODIVERSITY IS THE BASIS OF THE
ECOSYSTEM
HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF THE
FOREST DEPENDS ON BIODIVERSITY
• PLANTS AS PRODUCER ORGANISMS
• ANIMALS AS CONSUMER ORGANISMS
BIODIVERSITY
 MAINTENTANCE OF
BIODIVERSITY IS A
CONCERN

BIODIVERSITY IS A SOURCE OF
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
• FOOD
• 175 FOODS, 52 BEVERAGES OF FOREST ORIGIN
• 90% DOMESTICATED PLANTS HAVE ORIGIN IN
THE TROPIC FORESTS
• OF 250 K PLANTS 20 K HAVE BEEN FOOD FOR
HUMANS
BIODIVERSITY
 MAINTENTANCE OF
BIODIVERSITY IS A
CONCERN

BIODIVERSITY IS A SOURCE OF
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
• FOOD



90 % WORLD FOOD COMES FROM 100 PLANTS
SEED BANKS PRESERVE GENETIC LINEAGES OF
CULTIVATED PLANTS
http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2008/02/28/world/200802
28VAULT_10.html
BIODIVERSITY
 MAINTENTANCE OF
BIODIVERSITY IS A
CONCERN

BIODIVERSITY PROVIDES CHEMICALS
USEFUL TO HUMANS
•
•
•
•
•
MEDICINES
400 MEDICINES USED BY NATIVE AMERICANS
TODAY 25 % DRUGS ARE OF PLANT SOURCES
WILLOW BARK AND ASPIRIN
I.E. PACIFIC YEW AND TAXOL
BIODIVERSITY
 MAINTENTANCE OF
BIODIVERSITY IS A
CONCERN


BIODIVERSITY PROVIDES CHEMICALS
USEFUL TO HUMANS
PLANT-BASED DRUGS; ECONOMIC IMPACT
• $36 BILL U.S.
• $200 BILL WORLDWIDE
BIODIVERSITY
 MAINTENTANCE OF
BIODIVERSITY IS A
CONCERN

BIODIVERSITY AESTHETICS AND
RECREATION
• BIRDING, ECOTOURISM, HUNTING, FISHING

50+% OF U.S. POPULATION
• $60 BILL BUSINESS OF OUTDOOR RECREATION
• $20 BILL / Y TO BIRDERS ALONE

20-30 MILL PEOPLE
BIODIVERSITY
 MAINTENTANCE OF
BIODIVERSITY IS A
CONCERN

BIODIVERSITY AESTHETICS AND
RECREATION
• 1996 DATA



35 MILL FISHED
14 MILL HUNTED
49 MILL SPENT $72 BILL
63 MILL OBS/FED/PHOTO AND SPENT $29 MILL
BIODIVERSITY
 MAINTENTANCE OF
BIODIVERSITY IS A
CONCERN

BIODIVERSITY; A LEGAL BASIS
• NAT ENVIRON POLICY ACT 1969
• ENDANGERED SPP ACT 1973
• NAT FOREST MANAGEMENT ACT 1976

THE PUBLIC HAS BECOME MORE AWARE
AND SHOWS A GREATER CONCERN FOR
BIODIVERSITY
BIODIVERSITY
 BIODIVERSITY
AND ENDANGERED
SPECIES LEGISLATION

ESA, 1973
• FOUNDATION OF WILDLIFE CONSERVATION
• PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION
• FOR ENDANGERED OR THREATENED SPP
AND HABITAT
• 80% SPP WERE FULL SPP; 18% SUBSPP
• 2% POPULATIONS
• http://www.fws.gov/endangered/
BIODIVERSITY
 BIODIVERSITY AND
ENDANGERED
SPECIES LEGISLATION

ESA, 1973
• 1,000 AVE POPULATION SIZE FOR ANIMALS
• 120
PLANTS

RECOVERY PLANS INCLUDE
• NATURAL HISTORY OF SP
• ACTIONS TO REDUCE THREAT
• SCHEDULE OF RECOVERY
BIODIVERSITY
 BIODIVERSITY AND
ENDANGERED
SPECIES LEGISLATION

ESA, 1973
• 344 RECOVERY PLANS




306 FOR SINGLE SP (89%)
26 FOR MORE THAN ONE SP
12 FOR A KEYSTONE SP
THIS MAY REQUIRE 50 Y AND $4.6 BILLION
BIODIVERSITY
 BIODIVERSITY AND
ENDANGERED
SPECIES LEGISLATION

ESA AMENDED 1988
• TO CONSERVE ECOSYSTEMS
• THIS IS PROACTIVE; SP CONCERN- REACTIVE
• IDENTIFY HABITATS & COMMUNITIES WHERE
DEGRADATION IS SEEN
• IDEA IS TO PREVENT FURTHER HABITAT LOSS
• THIS DEALS WITH ALL SPP
BIODIVERSITY

BIODIVERSITY AND ENDANGERED SPECIES
LEGISLATION

ESA AMENDED 1988
• A BEAURCRATIC PROBLEM
• A THREAT TO PROGRESS




SNAIL DARTER, TN DAM
MT GRAHAM RED SQUIRREL, OBSERVATORY
SPOTTED OWL, NW LOGGING
LOCAL:
• APPALACHIAN CRAYFISH
• LONG-NOSED SUCKER
• $700 MILLION FOR 40% SPP LISTED
BIODIVERSITY
 BIODIVERSITY AND
ENDANGERED
SPECIES LEGISLATION

ESA AMENDED 1988
• FUTURE REQUIREMENTS FOR ESA MAY BE



PUBLIC EDUCATION
PUBLIC CONSULTATION
COMPENSATION
• FEWER THAN 10% OF THREATENED SPP OCCUR
ON FEDERAL LANDS
• SHIFT MORE RESPONSIBILITY TO STATES
BIODIVERSITY
 BIODIVERSITY AND
ENDANGERED
SPECIES LEGISLATION

ESA AMENDED 1988
• THIS IS MORE THAN A NATIONAL PROBLEM
• CONCERN EXTENDS ACROSS THE GLOBE
• 1992- EARTH SUMMIT IN RIO

http://www.un.org/geninfo/bp/enviro.html
• 2002- EARTH SUMMIT IN JOHANNESBURG

http://www.earthsummit2002.org/
• 2012- EARTH SUMMIT IN BRAZIL

http://www.earthsummit2012.org/
BIODIVERSITY
 HOW



MUCH DIVERSITY IS ENOUGH?
NOTE THE ATTEMPTS TO SAVE THE
CALIFORNIA CONDOR
IS THE EFFORT TO SAVE THE AMERICAN
WOODRAT WORTH TIME AND MONEY?
THERE ARE TWO APPROACHES
• BIOCENTRIC- ALL SPP EQUALLY IMPORTANT
• ECOCENTRIC- EFFORT IS PLACED ON HABITAT
BIODIVERSITY
 HOW



MUCH DIVERSITY IS ENOUGH?
THE ANSWER REMAINS UNKNOWN
MANAGEMENT FOR ENDANGERED SPP IS
NOT VERY PRECISE
GRASSLANDS IN THE N.E. ARE DECLINING
• BIRD SPP ARE DECLINING
• FURTHER LOSSES OF GRASSLANDS WILL
AFFECT

N. HARRIERS, GRASSHOPPER SPARROWS
BIODIVERSITY
 HOW


MUCH DIVERSITY IS ENOUGH?
SMALL SCALE FORESTRY HAS IMPACT AT
THE LOCAL LEVEL
HOWEVER, EDGES ARE CREATED
• EXOTIC SPP MAY INVADE


CLEAR CUT SHOULD NOT OCCUR IN
GOSHAWK AREAS
A HIGHER SPP DIVERSITY IS
RECOMMENDED
BIODIVERSITY
 HOW

MUCH DIVERSITY IS ENOUGH?
THE TACT VARIES FOR THE SPP TO BE
CONSERVED
• A KEYSTONE SP IS TREATED DIFFERENT
• GENETIC DIVERSITY REQUIRES OTHER
TECHNIQUES
• THERE IS NO ONE QUICK ANSWER
• CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY REQUIRES
SPECIAL PLANNING
• http://www.fws.gov/endangered/
BIODIVERSITY
 BIODIVERSITY, SUSTAINABILITY AND
ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT
• TRADITIONAL VIEW OF SUSTAINABILITY

MANAGE FOR AN INDEFINITTE FUTURE
• A MORE RECENT VIEW



THE LONG TERM CAPACITY OF THE ECOSYSTEMS
TO PRODUCE VALUES FOR SOCIETY
BIRDS, MAMMALS, TREES
AND MICROORGANISMS IN SOIL, INVERTEBRATES,
HERB PLANTS
BIODIVERSITY
 BIODIVERSITY, SUSTAINABILITY AND
ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT
• ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

THIS ADDRESSES CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY
• MAINTAIN VIABLE POPULATIONS OF ALL SPP
• ENSURE PRESERVATION OF ALL NATIVE
ECOSYSTEMS
• POSSIBLY NATURAL RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT IS A BETTER DESCRIPTER
BIODIVERSITY
 BIODIVERSITY, SUSTAINABILITY AND
ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT
• ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT



IT MAKES MORE SENSE TO WORK FOR SEVERAL SPP
RATHER THAN ONE
ADDRESSES A RANGE OF SPATIAL SCALES
• LANDSCAPE, MANAGEMENT, THE DYNAMIC
NATURE OF ECOSYSTEMS,
• INTEGRATES ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
REQUIRES NEW PARTNERSHIPS-FEDERAL-STATELOCAL
BIODIVERSITY
 BIODIVERSITY, SUSTAINABILITY AND
ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT
• ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT



REQUIRES COMPROMISES
CONSERVATION VS THE GOOD OF SOCIETY
BALANCE ECOSYSTEMS WITH NEEDED
COMMODITIES
BIODIVERSITY
 CONSERVATION
OF BIODIVERSITY
AND FOREST MANAGEMENT




FOREST MANAGEMENT HAS THE
GREATEST POTENTIAL FOR CONSERVING
BIODIVERSITY
ROTATIONS TEND TO OCCUR IN DECADES
OF YEARS
MANIPULATIONS CAN BE VARIED
STATE AND NATIONAL PARKS REPRESENT
LARGE TRACTS SET ASIDE
BIODIVERSITY
 CONSERVATION
OF BIODIVERSITY
AND FOREST MANAGEMENT



THE NORTHEAST IS MORE AWARE OF
PROTECTING HABITAT
F. MANAGEMENT NEEDS TO BE
INNOVATIVE AND INCLUSIVE
FOCUS ON
• ENDANGERED AND THREATENED SPP
• SPP OF CONCERN
• HABITAT; RESTORATION; ETC.
BIODIVERSITY
 CONSERVATION
OF BIODIVERSITY
AND FOREST MANAGEMENT
• MAINTAIN DIVERSITY OF PLANT & ANIMAL
SPP
• ENSURE HEALTHY AND DIVERSE HABITATS

A NEW LEVEL OF COOPERATION IS
NEEDED
• PRIVATE FOREST OWNERS NEED TO BE
INCLUDED
• LINKAGES NEED TO BE MADE
BIODIVERSITY
 CONSERVATION
OF BIODIVERSITY
AND FOREST MANAGEMENT
• POLICIES REQUIRE



CURRENT SCIENCES
ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES
POLITICAL BACKING
• FOREST MANAGEMENT SHOULD HAVE



LONG-TERM FOCUS
NATIONAL COMMITMENT
INTEGRATION OF BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS WITH THE
HUMAN IN MIND
BIODIVERSITY
 CONSERVATION
OF BIODIVERSITY
AND FOREST MANAGEMENT
• GAP ANALYSIS





IDENTIFIES GAPS IN BIODIVERSITY
FOR NATIVE SPP OR ECOSYSTEMS
LANDS MAY BE ACQUIRED TO FILL-IN GAPS
PARTNER IN MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC AWARENESS IS RAISED
BIODIVERSITY
 CONSERVATION
OF BIODIVERSITY
AND FOREST MANAGEMENT
• BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE DIVISION - 1996





AKA - NATIONAL BIOLOGICAL SURVEY
CONSOLIDATE BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
INVENTORYING
MONITORING PROGRAMS
A SPECTRUM OF RESEARCH EFFORTS FROM
ENDANGERED SPP TO ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT
BIODIVERSITY
 CONSERVATION
BIOLOGY AND
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY IS A RECENT
SCIENCE
• SINCE THE 1980s
• INCORPORATES PRINCIPLES FROM



ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY
METAPOPULATION THEORIES
MORE POWERFUL ANALYSES
BIODIVERSITY
 CONSERVATION
BIOLOGY AND
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY IS A RECENT
SCIENCE
•
•
•
•
INVOLVES POPULATION BIOLOGY,
GENETICS,
BOTANISTS & ZOOLOGISTS,
WILDLIFE BIOL & FORESTRY
BIODIVERSITY
 CONSERVATION
BIOLOGY AND
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY IS A RECENT
SCIENCE
• CONSERVATION BIOLOGISTS ~ NATURAL
HISTORY
• CONSERVATION BIOLOGY COMBINES
INTERESTS OF WILDLIFE AND FOREST
MANAGERS
• PRIOR TO 1970 IT WAS DEER MANAGEMENT
• AFTER 1970; NON-GAME SPP MANAGEMENT
BIODIVERSITY

CONSERVATION BIOLOGY AND WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT



REQUIRES FIELD STUDIES
THE ROLE OF THE “STEWARD”
PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES AUGMENT LOCAL AND
STATE EFFORTS
• SOC. OF CONSERVATION BIOLOGISTS

http://www.conbio.org/
• ECOL. SOC. OF AMERICA http://www.esa.org/
• WILDLIFE SOCIETY

http://www.wildlife.org/index.cfm?CFID=4327719&CFTOKEN=6
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