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DNA
1. What do the letters DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid
2. What are the monomers of DNA? Nucleotides
3. What are the three parts of a DNA nucleotide? Sugar (Deoxyribose), Phosphate Group
(Phosphoric Acid), and Nitrogenous Base (Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, or Guanine).
4. What sugar is found in DNA? Deoxyribose
5. What is the chemical formula of this sugar? C5H10O4
6. Draw the structural formula of this sugar and label the 1’ to 5’ carbons. Also, take a look
at the comparison between Deoxyribose and Ribose. Deoxyribose literally translates to
Ribose without an oxygen (deoxy).
DNA Nucleotide
containing
Adenine
7. What molecule attaches to each the 1’, 3’ and 5’ carbons of this sugar to form a DNA
nucleotide? 1’ attaches to a nitrogenous base (A, T, C or G) and the 3’ and 5’ attach to
phosphate groups (phosphoric acids)
8. What four nitrogenous bases are found in DNA? Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and
Guanine
Write the names, not the one letter abbreviations!
9. How do these bases pair with each other? Adenine with Thymine and Cytosine with
Guanine
10.How many hydrogen bonds are found between Adenine and Thymine? 2
11.How many hydrogen bonds are found between Cytosine and Guanine? 3
12.Which two nitrogenous bases of DNA are purines? Adenine and Guanine
13.Which two nitrogenous bases of DNA are pyrimidines? Cytosine and Thymine
14.How many carbon rings are found in purines? 2
15.How many carbon rings are found in pyrimidines? 1
Take a close look at this structure to compare and contrast the purine and pyrimidine
structures, the structure of deoxyribose and how it bonds to the bases and phosphates, and
the number of hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases.
Figure 1 DNA Replication
1. Is Figure 1 a replication bubble or a replication fork?
2. In which direction is the fork moving? (Right to Left or Left to Right?)
3. What is the name of green enzyme A? Helicase
4. What is the name of blue protein B? Single Strand Binding Proteins
5. What is the name of pink enzyme C? Primase
6. What is the name of orange protein D? DNA Polymerase
7. What is the name of structure E? RNA Primer
8. What is the name of structures labeled F? Okazaki Fragments
9. Is G the leading or lagging strand? Leading (continuous)
10.Is H the leading or lagging strand? Lagging (discontinuous)
11.Is I the 5’ or 3’ end? This is the 5’ end of the original DNA strand.
12.Is J the 5’ or 3’ end? This is the 3’ end of the newly synthesized DNA strand
RNA
1. What do the letters RNA stand for? Ribonucleic Acid
2. What are the monomers of RNA? Nucleotides
3. What are the three parts of an RNA nucleotide? Sugar (Ribose), Phosphate Group
(Phosphoric Acid), and Nitrogenous Base (Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, or Guanine).
4. What sugar is found in RNA? Ribose
5. What is the chemical formula of this sugar? C5H10O5
6. Draw the structural formula of this sugar and label the 1’ to 5’ carbons. Also, take a look
at the comparison between Deoxyribose and Ribose. Deoxyribose literally translates to
Ribose without an oxygen (deoxy).
RNA Nucleotide
containing
Guanine
7. What molecule attaches to each the 1’, 3’ and 5’ carbons of this sugar to form an RNA
nucleotide? 1’ attaches to a nitrogenous base (A, U, C or G) and the 3’ and 5’ attach to
phosphate groups (phosphoric acids)
8. What four nitrogenous bases are found in RNA? Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine
Write the names, not the one letter abbreviations!
9. How do these bases pair with each other? Adenine with Uracil and Cytosine with
Guanine
10.How many hydrogen bonds are found between Adenine and Uracil? 2
11.How many hydrogen bonds are found between Cytosine and Guanine? 3
12.Which two nitrogenous bases of RNA are purines? Adenine and Guanine
13.Which two nitrogenous bases of RNA are pyrimidines? Cytosine and Uracil
14.How many carbon rings are found in purines? 2
15.How many carbon rings are found in pyrimidines? 1
Transcription and Translation
1. Transcribe the following strand of DNA, then translate the newly formed RNA.
5’
1. Methionine
2. Cysteine
3. Leucine
4. Lysine
5. Alanine
6. Stop
3’
A
-
T
U
-
A
C
-
G
A
-
T
U
-
A
G
-
C
U
-
A
G
-
C
C
-
G
U
-
A
U
-
A
G
-
C
A
-
T
A
-
T
G
-
C
G
-
C
C
-
G
G
-
C
U
-
A
G
-
C
A
-
T
U
-
A
C
-
G
3’
5’
Remember to transcribe and
translate in the 5’ to 3’ direction
(always adding to the 3’ end).
Then locate the start and stop
codons. Only use the stop
codon that matches perfectly
with the start codon in the
same reading frame.
The stop codon does not code
for amino acid. Therefore there
are 6 codons here that code for
only 5 amino acids