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1 Chapter 6 Rome Sections 1,2,3,4 and 5 2 Section 1: The Roman Republic The Origins of Rome: (Where was Rome founded?) Founded by Latin people on a river in the center of Italy, located near the midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea. This location was good for trade and had fertile soil Two other groups lived in this area, the Greeks to the south and the Etruscans to the north. Romans borrowed ideas from both groups which included their alphabet, arch and religious ideas. 3 4 5 Map of early Rome The Early Republic (How was Rome governed? In 509 BC, Romans overthrew the Etruscan king and formed a republic Two groups struggled for power. one group called the patricians (aristocratic landowners) wanted and held most of the power. Second group called the plebeians(common farmers, artisans and merchants) made up most of population The two groups worked against each other to gain more power 6 The Early Republic continued The basis for Roman law was the Twelve Tables. This set of rules said that all free citizens were protected by law The government had three parts Two consuls (officials elected each year) Senate (300 members chosen from the upper class) Assemblies - included members from different parts of society 7 Early Republic Continued Assemblies: Triple Assembly: organized by the Plebeians, elected the tribunes, made laws, served for life, considered ordinary citizens Centuriate Assembly: Solders only, chose consuls, serve for life 8 The Early Republic continued During a time of crisis the republic could appoint a dictator(leader with absolute power) to make laws and command the army. His power would last for 6 months. All citizens who owned property had to serve in the army. They were formed into military groups called legions (5000 heavily armed foot soldiers. All citizens who owned property had to serve in the army. They were formed into military groups called legions (5000 heavily armed foot soldiers. 9 Rome Spreads Its Power (How did Rome spread its power?) Within 150 years Rome had captured almost all of Italy 264 BC to 146 BC Rome and Carthage fought three bitter wars called the Punic Wars, which were a power struggle between Rome and Carthage for control of Sicily and the Mediterranean Sea. In the first battle Rome won the island of Sicily Second: Hannibal (brilliant Carthaginian general) invaded northern Italy and did much damage but was unable to take Rome. Roman general Scripio defeated him because he attacked Carthage which forced Hannibal to return home. Third war Rome destroyed the city of Carthage and made the people slaves 10 11 12 Image of Hannibal marching across the Alps Scipio Significance of Punic Wars for Rome Gave Rome dominance over Western Mediterranean 13 14 Section 2: The Roman Empire The Republic Collapses (What conflicts existed in Rome?) Rome’s victory in Carthage brought conflict between the rich and the poor. Civil war broke out Julius Caesar tried to take control. At first he joined with two others - Cassius, a wealthy man and Pompey a successful general. They formed a triumvirate(a group of three leaders). They ruled Rome for the next 10 years. When Julius Caesar conquered Gaul he became popular in Rome Pompey and Caesar fought and caused another civil war that lasted several years. Caesar won and governed Rome as an absolute ruler/dictator. This met he had all the power 15 16 17 Julius Caesar Pompey The Death of Julius Caesar Many believe that Caesar had to much power. Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius along with others assassinated Caesar 18 The Republic 17 The Death of Julius Caesar Many believe that Caesar had to much power. Marcus Brutus and Gaius Cassius along with others assassinated Caesar 18 The Republic Collapses continued Once again Rome suffered civil war and Caesar’s nephew was the winner. He took the title Augustus (meaning exalted one) 19 A Vast and Powerful Empire (What was the Pax Romana?) For 200 years the Roman empire was a great power. The period is known as Pax Romana (Roman peace). 90% of the workers were farmers. Traders were also very important. A large army protected everything. Many members of the army were troops from the conquered peoples. The troops became Roman citizens at the end of their time in the army. Augustus was Rome’s ablest emperor. He brought peace to the frontier, built public buildings, and created a lasting government. He created civil service where he paid workers to manage the affairs of government Between 96 BC and 180 AD there were five Good Emperors. The death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 AD marked the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire. 20 The Roman World (How did the quality of Roman life vary?) Values: Roman valued discipline, strength and loyalty. The family was the center of Roman society. Social Structure: Romans made use of slaves more than any civilization before. 1/3 of the population was slaves. Some were gladiators. Quality of life depended on social position. Wealthy ate well and enjoyed luxuries. The poor had no jobs and received food from the government. Economy: Agriculture and a large trade network was very important, they also had common coins for the empire 21 The Roman World Forms of Government: gov’t was led by emperor w/ a civil service group that carried out day to day functions of the gov’t Religion: honored powerful gods and goddesses through ritual, expected to worship the emperor as part of religion Entertainment: Banquets for the rich, free games, races and gladiator contest for all. 22 23 Section 3: The Rise of Christianity 22 23 24 Section 3: The Rise of Christianity The Life and Teaching of Jesus (Why did people believe Jesus was the savior? One group of people who lost their land to the Romans were the Jews. According to Jewish tradition God promised that the Messiah would restore the kingdom of the Jews. Jesus was born in Judea and at the age of 30 he began to preach from Jewish traditions. Including the Ten Commandments and the belief in one God. According to apostles Jesus performed many miracles. The Pontius Pilate a Roman leader feared Jesus would incite the people so they arrested him and put him to death. After his death his followers said that he appeared and went to heaven. His followers came to be called Christians and were lead by Peter - the rock upon which the Christian Church would be built, 1st apostle 25 Christianity Spreads Through the Empire (How did Christianity spread through the empire?) Paul began to look to all people, even non-Jews, to join the church. Jews made attempts to break free of the Romans they did not succeed and were scattered which was called Diaspora Many Christians were punished and killed. Some were put to death or killed by wild animals in the arena. After 200 years, millions of people across the empire became Christians. 26 27 A World Religion (Why did Christianity spread?) Christianity spread for several reasons First it accepted all believers: rich, poor, male, female Second, it gave hope to the powerless Third, it appealed to those who were bothered by the lack of morality in Rome. Fourth it offered a personal relationship with god Fifth is offered the promise of life after death. 28 A World Religion continued 28 A World Religion continued As the church grew, it became more organized. Priests were in charge of small churches, Bishops were in charge of the churches in an area. The pope was in charge of all. The Roman emperor Constantine decided persecution of Christians would no longer be allowed after being granted by God a great victory. Theodosius made Christianity the empire’s official religion 29 30 Constantine