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Khan 1 Iris Khan Ms. Palmer 13 YOC Writing 12 May 2015 The Renaissance Architecture Have you heard about the time period of Renaissance Architecture? According to many people, the Renaissance began in the 1400s in Florence, Italy (Smith, pg 162). Lots of great structures were built during the Renaissance, which still stand today. The Renaissance was one of the greatest periods in history for beautiful architecture. Because of the revival of classical styles, which was motivated by “humanism,” a philosophy which encouraged education and human progress. Thus the Renaissance was a time of talented, skillful architects, new inventions which made this architecture possible, and beautiful structures. The Renaissance began with the rediscovery of classical styles and ideas from Roman antiquity. During the Renaissance a unique type of literature developed. The new type of literature was called “Treatise. Basically this literature wrote about buildings and proportion (Smith, pg 162-163).“The Renaissance started in the 15th century with a book of a Roman architect, Vitruviu’s Ten Book Concerning Architecture” (Smith, pg 162). However, Filippo Brunelleschi discovered the “architecture of antiquity” before Vitruvius (Smith, pg 162). Classical styles were motivated by Humanism, a “philosophy, a variety of ethical theory and practice that emphasizes reason, scientific inquiry, and human fulfillment in the natural world and often rejects the importance of belief in God” (Dictionary.com.) Classical styles, which later Khan 2 influenced the Renaissance, came from the Greek and Roman architecture. Classical style can be defined as, “the artistic style of ancient Greek art with its emphasis on proportion and harmony” (Free Dictionary.com).During the Middle Ages, architecture didn’t flourish. People were busy going to “work and war” and to survive (Ducksters.) During that particular time period, there was a belief that humans couldn’t progress; there was only hope for heaven. Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the first who studied the architecture of Greeks and Romans (Ducksters.) After the Renaissance influenced Italy it also started influencing many other countries. During the 1500s, the Renaissance spread to France, Spain, Holland, England and many other neighboring countries (Wikipedia, Renaissance Architecture). Before, Germany had basic designs, usually coming from books. German Renaissance was started by “German philosophers.” For example, the Johanisburg Palace. In Germany, “Gothic style blended with the Renaissance.” A family sponsored a Renaissance to be built.” This style was liked by many people and soon the Renaissance influenced Austria (Wikipedia, Renaissance Architecture). Polish royalty ordered architects to construct churches, and palaces. Gothic style was liked by several countries in Eastern Europe, but later the Gothic style was replaced by the Renaissance. In the 16th century, French were at war in Italy. After the war the people brought back the Renaissance style form Italy. France also had castles with the style of Renaissance (Wikipedia, Renaissance Architecture). England was not affected by the Renaissance for a long time, its style remained Gothic (Smith, pg 167). Later Renaissance influenced England only when Queen Elizabeth I took power. Ingio Jones was in Italy studying the Renaissance. He brought this type of architecture to England. The Renaissance also influenced the Iberian Peninsula (Spain). Platersque, a style, which developed in Spain from the mixture of the Renaissance and Gothic Khan 3 styles. This style usually included beautiful façades. Renaissance style developed in Portugal very slowly. The Renaissance later influenced Eastern Europe (Russia). Renaissance was brought to Russia with the help of Prince Ivan III. Prince Ivan III brought Italian architects to Russia. Aristotele Fiorvanti was given a job to rebuild the Cathedral of Dormition. Aristotele combined Russian and Renaissance style. (Wikipedia, Renaissance Architecture). Filippo Brunelleschi was considered to be the first to discover Renaissance Architecture (Wikipedia, Renaissance Architecture). Fillipo Brunelleschi was a “goldsmith, sculptor, and architect.” (Wikipedia, Filippo Brunelleschi). During 1418, Filippo focused more on architecture. According to many people, the Renaissance began in 1419, when Filippo got permission for designing the dome of Florence Cathedral (Ducksters). During the Middle Ages, people had forgotten about art, literature, and architecture. After seeing Filippo’s design of the dome of Florence Cathedral they were amazed of how beautiful and accurate his dome was. Later he also designed a lot of other churches such as Saint Lorenzo (Wikipedia, Filippo Brunelleschi). Besides building, Filippo invented ways of rising up objects for the construction of the Dome of Florence Cathedral (Ducksters). In addition to that, Filippo also developed the laws of line perspective. Filippo was a talented architect. Another very talented figure during the Renaissance was Leonardo Da Vinci. Leonardo Da Vinci was a scientist, artist, architect, and a mathematician. He was a humanist. “Most valued as an engineer.” (Wikipedia, Leonardo Da Vinci). He developed machines, which worked as protection for different regions. Even though his designs never built Leonardo Da Vinci made great designs for buildings. For example, Leonardo Da Vinci made designs for the Milan Khan 4 Cathedral’s dome, but the cathedral was never built. Leonardo Da Vinci made plans and sketches of buildings (Wikipedia, Leonardo Da Vinci). Andrea Palladio was one of the architects, who studied the Romans and Greeks. Andrea Palladio “influenced the West.” He usually designed many structures. For example, structures like the Villa Emo and the Church of San Giorgio Maggiore. Over the years, he developed his own style known as the “Palladian.” He also wrote literature, which also influenced many architects. One of his books is called “I Quattro libridell’architecttura,” was published in Venice, 1570 (Wikipedia, Andrea Palladio). Michelangelo Buonarroti was an“architect, artist, poet and engineer” in the Italian Renaissance. Some of his best works are St. Peter’s Basilica, Palazzo Farnese, and the ceiling of Sistine Chapel. Michelangelo Buonarroti designed the Medici Chapel and the tombs of Giuliano and Lorenzo Medici (Wikipedia, Michelangelo Buonarroti). “Donato Bramante introduced Renaissance to Milan,” (Wikipedia, Donato Bramante).Donato Bramante was a painter from Italy. He began focusing on architecture, when he got respect for designing Italian churches. Later he moved to Rome. He moved to Rome because he had to build a “place for Saint Peter.” This caused Donato to do both art and architecture (Wikipedia, Donato Bramante). He put together different shapes and crosses to show geometry (Smith, pg 176). Later these styles showed up in the 17th and 18th centuries (Smith, pg 176). Raphael was an artist and architect. He was an artist and architect during the High Renaissance. “His work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition” (Wikipedia, Raphael). He built Villa Madama, for visitors to meet the Pope. His drafts included fountains and Khan 5 terraces. Along with Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci they three were the some of the greatest people during the Renaissance period. (Wikipedia, Raphael). Domenico Fontana was an “Italian engineer.” the Renaissance period. He mostly built religious structures. The biggest thing he redesigned was Archbasillica of Saint John Latern. Domenico also designed the Sistine Chapel. Pierre Lescot was an architect from France(“Famous Architects of the Renaissance.” Answers) “Pierre Lescot, was an architect during the French Renaissance” (Wikipedia, Pierre Lescot). Pierre Lescot helped with designing the Louvre. For constructing Renaissance structures new inventions were created. Filippo Brunelleschi invented different ways of raising objects to construct the Dome of Florence Cathedral. “He invented hoisting machines for hoisting large stones.” “To raise up 37,000 tons of different material and four million bricks”(Wikipedia, Florence Cathedral). Many architects also made advances in mathematics, to make the construction of Renaissance Architecture possible. For Example the development of line perspective. The Renaissance architecture is very beautiful. Since it was based on the classical style it was very proportional, detailed and usually well planned. Renaissance buildings were usually rectangular (Wikipedia, Renaissance Architecture). The Florence Cathedral was built during the Early Renaissance. The building had a plan. “The building’s plan was entirely a big, Latin cross, and the aisles were separated by arches.” “The façade was designed by Arnolfo di Cambio” (Wikipedia, Florence Cathedral). The Florence Cathedral also had a dome. The dome was built with four million bricks, by Filippo Brunelleschi (Ducksters). Renaissance Architecture often used façades, columns or pilasters, domes, arches, ceilings designed by famous artists. Khan 6 According to Dictionary.com, a façade is a “the front of a building, especially an imposing or decorative one.” One of the churches built during the Late Renaissance was the Basilica of St. Peter. This church is located in Vatican City. The Basilica of St. Peter is the biggest church in the world (Duckster). The construction of Basilica of St. Peter took 120 years (Ducksters). Maderno designed Basilica of St. Peter’s façade. The façade is “114.69 meters (376.3ft) wide and 45.55 meters (149.4ft) high.” (Wikipedia, St. Peter's Basilica) Another great structure was the Pazzi Chapel (Ducksters). The chapel was help designed by Filippo Brunelleschi. This building was built in Florence, Italy. According to many people, the building was one of the first places to be built during the Early Renaissance. (Wikipedia, Pazzi Chapel). El Escorial a palace built in the 1500s for a Spanish king (Ducksters). It is “built in the town of San Lorenzo.” The El Escorial has a big façade. The façade has three doors. The “door in the middle leads to the Courtyard of Kings. “The other two doors by the sides lead to a school and monastery.” (Wikipedia, El Escorial) A religious structure, known as the Sistine Chapel was built for the Pope of Vatican City (Ducksters). Domenico Fontana and a few other architects designed this chapel. At first, its name was Capella Magna, but later it was changed. One of the walls, was “decorated with Stories of Moses and the other wall was decorated with Stories of Jesus. In 1508, Michelangelo redesigned the ceiling. At first, the ceiling was painted blue with golden colored stars. “Michelangelo redesigned the ceiling and he painted the Last Judgment” (Wikipedia, Sistine Chapel). Khan 7 A palace built the High Renaissance, is known as the Palazzo Farnese (Ducksters). The Palazzo Farnese is located in Rome. “Big, main rooms of the Palazzo Farnese were decorated with mural paintings.” The ceilings were very beautiful (Wikipedia, Palazzo Farnese). Renaissance Architecture was a very important time period. Renaissance Architecture was influenced by Humanism and founded by Fillipo Brunelleschi. Architecture influenced lots of European countries and even causing new styles in architecture. Renaissance architecture had many features used in most buildings. Renaissance Architecture had flat ceilings decorated with the most beautiful frescos, arches and domes. Renaissance Architecture amazed many people by how “proportional and symmetrical,” the buildings were. Most Renaissance Architecture still stand today. Khan 8 Work Cited "Andrea Palladio." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "Classical Style - Dictionary Definition." Vocabulary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "Donato Bramante." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "El Escorial." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "Famous Architects of the Renaissance." Answers.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "Filippo Brunelleschi." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "Florence Cathedral." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "Leonardo Da Vinci." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "Michelangelo." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "Palazzo Farnese." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "Pazzi Chapel." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "Pierre Lescot." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "Raphael." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "Renaissance Architecture." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "Renaissance." History: Architecture and Buildings for Kids. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "Sistine Chapel." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "St. Peter's Basilica." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. "The Renaissance." History for Kids: How Did the Renaissance Start? N.p., n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 04 May 2015. Khan 9 Smith, Adele. “Architecture A World History.” North America: Harry Abrams, 2008. Print. Khan 10 Khan 11