Download Knowledge Map - 6th Grade Life Science Core Ideas Systems A

Knowledge Map - 6th Grade
Life Science Core Ideas
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Systems
A system is a set of interconnected parts forming a whole
A subsystem is a system that is a part of another system
In an open system, energy, information and matter flow in and out
In a closed system, energy flows in and out, but matter stays constant (the same)
Input is what comes into the system
Output is what leaves a system
A system boundary defines the limits of the system to be studied
Inquiry (Experimental Design)
The investigative question is a question that sets the purpose of the experiment
The hypothesis is a testable prediction of what will happen in an experiment based on prior knowledge
A control variable is a factor kept the same from trial to trial to ensure a valid experiment
The manipulated (independent) variable is the factor being tested and purposely changed by the
experimenter
The responding (dependent) variable is the factor being measured and recorded
An observation is a record of what happened and when it happened in an experiment
An inference is a conclusion or opinion based on an assumption or previous knowledge
Application (Technological Design)
Scientists discover answers to questions about the natural world
Engineers use scientific knowledge to design solutions to problems
Technology is the application of science knowledge to solve problems
Safety
Act responsibly at all times in the classroom. Horseplay, jokes and pranks are not appropriate in a
classroom.
Follow instructions before during and after lab activities. Ask questions if you do not understand the
instructions.
Do not touch any equipment or supplies until instructed to do so.
Perform only authorized and approved experiments.
Keep your table and the area around it clean and neat.
Immediately notify the teacher of any emergency.
Tie back long hair, baggy clothes and dangling jewelry during lab activities.
Be aware of what is going on around you.
Never eat, drink or chew gum in the classroom unless instructed to do so.
Return supplies to appropriate location at the end of a lab.
Lab Materials
Gram is the label given to metric measures of weight (mass).
A graduated cylinder measures the volume of a liquid.
When using a graduated cylinder look at the meniscus to find the exact amount of liquid.
Milliliter/ liter are the labels given to the metric measure of volume.
To measure lengths in the metric system use a meter stick or a ruler with cm and mm markings.
Meter/ centimeter/ millimeter are labels given to metric measure of length.
34. Beaker
35. Test tube
36. Graduated cylinder
Microscopes
A microscope has two types of focus knobs – a coarse adjustment knob and fine adjustment knob
A compound microscope has low (40x), medium (100x) and high (400x) powers of magnification.
A specimen is the object being looked at under the microscope.
A dry-mount slide uses a slide, slide cover and a solid specimen sandwiched between.
A wet-mount slide uses a slide, slide cover and a drop of solution (often with a small organism)
sandwiched between.
42. You carry a microscope – one hand under the base and one hand holding the arm.
43. Drawings use 5 basic shape families – angle lines, dots, circles, curved lines and straight lines
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Organisms
Cells
The cell is the basic unit or structure in all living things
Unicellular organisms consist of one cell
Multi-cellular organisms consist of 2 or more cells working together
All cells respire, absorb energy/ eliminate waste, grow, reproduce, react to stimulus and adapt
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Knowledge Map - 6th Grade
Life Science Core Ideas
In a cell, ribosomes build proteins to be used in other parts of the cell
An organelle is a specialized subunit (smaller part) within a cell that has a specific function
The nucleus contains the cell's genetic information (DNA)
A gel-like substance within the cell membrane and outside the nucleus is called the cytoplasm
The cell membrane encloses the cell and regulates substances passing in & out of it
A cell wall is found in plants and gives the plant its overall structure or form or shape
In a cell, mitochondria convert chemical energy in food into a form of energy the cell can use
The endoplasmic reticulum stores proteins and helps send substances to various parts of the cell
Lysosomes are round bodies containing enzymes that break down many substances found in animals
Vacuoles are round bodies generally used for storing water, waste, and/ or export unwanted material
Photosynthesis: conversion of light energy into chemical energy by living organisms by chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are organelles that are the site of photosynthesis
Chlorophyll is the material in chloroplasts that captures the energy of sunlight to make energy
Protozoans
Protozoans are neither animals or plants and have their own kingdom called Protista (Protists)
Protozoans are found in salt water, fresh water, soil, plants, and animals (basically everywhere)
Hair-like structures that help in movement are called cilia
Ciliates have tiny hair-like projections that help them move about
Some protozoans reproduce by a process called fission (splitting) where the original cell separates into two
cells
When a swollen part of a protist grows and breaks off to form a new protozoan, the process is called
budding
Flagellates have one or more long hair-like projections from their bodies called flagella
Flagellates are usually oval (round) in shape, and many have chlorophyll (chloroplasts) in their bodies
Amoeba move and capture food by extending finger-like pseudopods
Ciliates are the most complex protozoans (protists) – an example is the Paramecium
Classification
The classification categories from largest to smallest are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and
species
The 6 kingdoms of life we study are: Animals, Bacteria, Protists, Fungus, Plants and Archae
Plants are many-celled organisms that make their own food using sunlight
Photosynthesis chemical formula: carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen + water
Animals: multi-celled organisms - cannot make their food, they consume & digest other organisms
Bacteria are single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus (prokaryotic)
Protists are mostly one-celled organisms that have a nucleus (eukaryotic), but no specialized tissues
Fungi are usually many-celled organisms that absorb food from living or dead organisms
A species is a group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring
Our Genes Our Selves: Genetics
To inherit is to receive from a parent or ancestor
Offspring are the result of reproduction
A characteristic is a category of possible traits (ie: eye color)
A trait is the characteristic specific to an individual (ie: blue eyes)
In asexual reproduction, offspring have one parent and are an exact clone of the parent
In sexual reproduction, offspring result from the combination of chromosomes from a male and female
parent
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87. Dominant traits are expressed when the dominant allele is present
88. Recessive traits are only expressed when two recessive alleles are present
89. An allele is one of two (or more) different forms of a gene
90. Genotype is the gene makeup for a particular trait
91. Phenotype is the physical expression of a particular trait
92. Homozygous is a gene pair with the same alleles
93. Heterozygous is a gene pair with different alleles
94. A Punnett Square is a visual representation (model) used to see probabilities of offspring outcomes
95. A carrier is an organism that has the allele for a condition, but does not express the condition
96. A pedigree is a chart which shows all the known phenotypes for an organism and its ancestors
97. Sperm cells carry the genetic code of the father
98. Eggs or egg cells carry the genetic code of the mother
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Fertilization occurs when the chromosomes of the sperm unite with the chromosomes of the egg
100. Chromosomes are structures of DNA that contain many genes
101. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
102. A gene is a specific section of DNA molecule that is responsible for a specific trait
103. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the molecule that contains genetic code
104. The letters of the genetic code (which stand for 4 different chemicals) are A – T – G – C
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Knowledge Map - 6th Grade
Life Science Core Ideas
Mutations are permanent changes in the DNA sequence (genetic code)
Co-dominance is when the trait from both alleles can be observed distinctly (red + white = red and
white)
Incomplete dominance is when there is a blend of traits (red + white = pink)
Diversity is all the known allele combinations in a population
Natural selection is a process by which the organisms best suited to their environment survive to pass
on their traits
“Nature vs. Nurture” is the debate about which influences an individual more deeply; their genetic
make-up or their environment
Ecology and Evolution
Evolutionary change is caused by the interaction of mutation and natural selection
Mutation is a permanent change in the genetic code (DNA) of an organism
Mutations create new traits in organisms – some are beneficial and others are not
An adaptation is a change in an organism that helps it to better survive in its environment
The most important processes for a species’ survival is its ability to reproduce and adapt
Evidence of evolutionary changes can be found in fossil records
Charles Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection is used to explain the evolution of species (survival of the
fittest)
A species becomes extinct when all of the population in that species no longer exists
An endangered species is one that is nearing extinction
A stratigraphic column shows different layers of fossils and rocks laid down over time, oldest layers on
bottom
When a stable number of a population in an ecosystem is achieved, the species is at its carrying
capacity, meaning the population cannot go higher without negative consequences
Ecosystems and Energy Flow
Variation or diversity describes differences within a population (examples: color, shape, size, etc.)
A habitat is the natural environment where an organism lives
An ecosystem is an area that contains living and non-living factors
A niche is the role of a species in its community
Abiotic factors are non-living parts of an area
Biotic factors are living organisms in an area
The sun is the ultimate source of all energy in an ecosystem
Photosynthesis is a process where organisms transform light energy into chemical energy ( glucose)
Producers consist mainly of green plant / plant-like organisms (Euglena) – make their own food
Producers transform light energy into chemical energy (sugar/ glucose)
Primary consumers are plant-eating organisms
Secondary consumers are organisms that eat other consumers
Decomposers break down dead plants and animals to access energy and create simple nutrients
Most energy when used is transformed into heat energy
The Law of Conservation of Energy says energy cannot be created or destroyed, it is transformed
A simple food chain shows one example of how energy might flow between each of the trophic levels
A food web diagrams the flow of energy within an ecosystem
As the need for energy increases within a group of consumers, their populations decrease if the energy
needs are not met (starvation)
The carrying capacity of a species can be impacted by climate, access to resources and predator/prey
relationships.
Most introduced species that become invasive do so because they have no natural predators in the new
location
All organisms have a life cycle but the stages vary depending on the species
Focus on Forests
Invasive species are non-natives that overtake native species in natural communities or ecosystems.
Succession is the gradual change of plant communities in a particular area over time.
Forests help maintain freshwater supplies by absorbing rainfall, cleansing water, and reducing flooding.
Research shows the increase of greenhouse gases over the last 150 years is causing Earth’s climate to
change.
Plants remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in leaves, stems, and trunks of trees
(wood) during the process of photosynthesis.
Squid Dissection
Only about 1% of Earth’s water is drinkable, while the rest is locked in oceans and ice or is unfit for
human consumption
Many marine species are considered vulnerable or endangered due to overfishing and pollution
Squid fit into the ecosystem both as predator and prey.