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Chapter 12 Name _________________ DNA Information and Heredity, the cellular basis of life 12-1: DNA Identifying the Substance of Genes Frederick Griffith’s Experiments (1920s) Bacterial Transformation 1. He was studying bacteria that cause ________________. 2. His experiment led to a discovery of a process a called ________________________: - Process in which one strain of bacteria ____________ into another strain. Bacterial Viruses - The _____________ cause of ______________. What role did Bacterial __________ play in identifying the _________ material? Oswald Avery (1940s) 1. His goal was to determine what ___________was used during _______________. 2. By a process of elimination using biological ____________, they discovered that ____ ____ _____ was the _________________ factor. -1- The Hershey – Chase Experiment (Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase 1950s) 1. They did an experiment involving _________to prove the work of both ___________ & Avery. 2. Viruses are only made of two things: - __________________ - __________________ 3. In step 1 of their experiment, they tagged ______ ______with radioactive _______to see if that was the ____________ factor. It was the transforming factor!! 4. In step 2 of their experiment, they tagged the _______ ______ with radioactive _____ to see if that was the _____________ factor. The Role of DNA It was not. What is the role of DNA in ____________? The DNA that makes up genes can: 1. ________information in the ____________ 2. _______ this information in the cells. 3. _________ this information in the cells. Study the book – cell analogy on page 342 of your textbook.A book can __________information, you can _______information from this book and the book after being copied can be ____________ or ___________ to others. -2- 12-2: The Structure and components of DNA 1. A _____________ is the ___________ of a nucleic acid such as _____or RNA. 2. It has 3 components: A _________________ group. A 5 carbon sugar called _________________ A __________________ base The DNA Nucleotide: 3. There are four different bases in DNA: - ________________ (A) - _________________ (T) - ________________ (G) 4. These bases are placed in two groups: - _________________ (C) - ________________________ (double ring) A & G - ________________________ (single ring) C & T 5. Chargaff’s Rules of Base Pairing: - _______ pairs with ______ - _____ pairs with _____ - a _______________ will pair with a __________________ -3- The Double___________: 1. The structure of DNA was discovered through the work of three people: A. _________________________ (1950s) - she used a technique called ______________________________ to show that DNA has two strands that form a ________. B. James ____________ & Francis _____________ (1953) - They expanded on Franklin’s work by building a ________of DNA. - Their model had a __________ _________ structure - The helix had a _________-___________ backbone. - The __________ were in the _________ and held together by ________ _______. -4- Section 12-3:Replication What is replication? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ The steps: 1. __________________________________ “unzips” the double helix by breaking the ___ bonds between the bases. - Two helicase enzymes work in opposite directions & form a ________________ - The site where the helicase is doing the unzipping is called a _______________ The steps: 2. Within the replication bubble, two ___________________________________ work in opposite directions & make a complementary strand of DNA. 3. At the end of replication, there are two ________ ________ of DNA. -5- How does ___ ___ ___ replication differ in: Prokaryotic cells & Eukaryotic cells? -Prokaytoes or __________ cells normally have a _________ circular strand of ___ ___ ___. Replication starts from a single point and proceeds in 2 directions. -In Eukaryotes or cells with a _____________, replication begins at dozens or even ___________ of places and proceeds in both directions. -6-