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Full file at http://testbank360.eu/solution-manual-geol-1st-edition-wicander Answers to Video Exercises Ctrl+Click to Jump to a specific chapter Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 8: Earthquakes and Earth’s Interior Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami Critical Thinking Question 1: If we consider the Indian Ocean earthquake as 9.1 on the Richter Magnitude Scale, how does this event compare with the 1906 San Francisco earthquake (approximately Richter 8.1) and the 1989 San Francisco Loma Prieta earthquake (approximately Richter 7.1)? Suggested Response: Direct comparisons between Richter magnitudes must consider that the Richter Magnitude Scale is a logarithmic scale. Therefore, each increase in number value is associated with a wave amplitude increase of 10. If students compare the 1906 San Francisco earthquake with the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, they should realize that the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake had an amplitude ten times larger than the 1906 earthquake. Likewise, a comparison of the Indian Ocean earthquake with the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake reveals that the Indian Ocean earthquake’s amplitude was 100 times greater (102 or 10 x 10 = 100) than the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Given these earthquake amplitude differences, it is not surprising that the Indian Ocean earthquake, and resultant tsunami, were so devastating to the region. Critical Thinking Question 2: Why did the Indian Ocean earthquake produce a tsunami? Will all earthquakes result in a tsunami? Suggested Response: Earthquakes result from tectonic movements, or from magma movement within a volcanic magma chamber. Not all earthquakes will have great potential for tsunami production. The earthquake event must displace water for a tsunami to occur, and this will happen if faulting occurs within, or immediately adjacent to, an ocean basin. Furthermore, not all faults result in vertical movement. Whereas dip slip faults (normal faults, reverse faults) result in vertical movement across the fault zone, strike-slip faults result in lateral movement. Therefore, the most likely earthquakes to produce a tsunami would be those that result in vertical movement (dip slip faults), located within or adjacent to an ocean basin. (The Indian Full file at http://testbank360.eu/solution-manual-geol-1st-edition-wicander Ocean earthquake resulted in upward movement of the Burma tectonic plate by 15 meters, or 50 feet.) Tsunami Warning System in the Indian Ocean Critical Thinking Question 1: Will DART buoys be effective at warning villages in all situations? What would happen if a tsunami was generated fairly closely to a beach? Suggested Response: Although the DART system is a good tsunami detection and warning system, it will not be effective in all situations. If an earthquake or slump triggers a tsunami near a coastline, the inhabitants will have relatively little warning to move to higher ground. This occurred in 1993 off the coast of Hokkaido, Japan. Less than five minutes passed between the earthquake event and the tsunami reaching the shore. Critical Thinking Question 2: What would cause the higher pressure of a tsunami wave that is detected by a DART buoy? Suggested Response: The pressure is recorded at the ocean floor. A tsunami wave would have greater height than typical waves in the area. The higher the column of water, the greater the pressure recorded by the detecting device. (This is also similar to increased air pressure at coastal areas as opposed to mountainous elevations. The column of air at sea level is longer than the column of air above the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains. Therefore, there is greater air pressure at the lower elevation.) Tsunamis December 2004 Critical Thinking Question 1: How does the Indonesia tsunami of December 2004 compare to other great tragedies for loss of life? Consider September 11, 2001 (although this was not a natural disaster) as well as the Sichuan China earthquake of 2008. Suggested Response: It is difficult to comprehend the magnitude of the loss of life from the Indonesian tsunami. More than 200,000 people lost their lives in this natural disaster. The September 11, 2001 tragedy resulted in a loss of almost 3,000 individuals. Therefore, the Indonesian tsunami claimed 67 times as many lives! The Sichuan earthquake claimed almost 70,000 lives, but this natural disaster pales in comparison to the 2004 tsunami. Critical Thinking Question 2: Why can the tsunami waters travel so far on land? What finally slows the waters? Full file at http://testbank360.eu/solution-manual-geol-1st-edition-wicander Suggested Response: The waves have an incredible amount of energy. As the waves approach land, the wave height increases as the waves compress. Once the tsunami waves encounter land, they lose energy as they spread over the land surface, because of friction. As a result, the tsunami waves tend to cause the most damage nearest the shore where the waves initially break.