Download mendelian genetics

MENDELIAN GENETICS
BACKGROUND
1. _______________________________-the passage of traits from parents to offspring
2. _______________________________-the scientific study of heredity
3. _______________________________-was an Austrian monk; became known as the
“Father of Genetics” by doing pollination experiments with
_______________________________; he studied _____ traits of these plants; he did this
work during the _________
BASIC TERMINOLOGY
1. _______________________________-a segment of DNA that codes for a protein which
produces a specific trait (ex. We all have 2 genes for our blood type.)
2. _______________________________-alternate forms of genes (ex. Some of us have the
alleles for type A blood. Other have the alleles for type B blood and so on.)
3. _______________________________-the word used to describe the genetic make-up of
an organism (Genotype and genetic make-up both start with GEN)
a. When you are asked to provide the genotypes of organisms you will use words
like homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive and heterozygous.
4. _______________________________-the word use to describe the physical appearance
of an organisms or the specific trait they have (Phenotype and physical appearance both
start with PH)
a. When you are asked to provide the phenotypes for organisms you will simply
describe what they look like or the traits they have.
5. _______________________________-the word used to describe an organism that has 2
of the same alleles for a trait (can also be referred to as ______________)
a. Homozygous genotypes will be written as either AA or aa
6. _______________________________-the word used to describe an organism that has 2
different alleles for a trait; (can also be referred to as _______________)
a. Heterozygous genotypes will be written as Aa
7. _______________________________-the word used to describe the allele that is
actually expressed in a heterozygous organism
8. _______________________________-the word used the describe the allele that is
masked in a heterozygous organism
9. _______________________________-the words used to describe an individual with two
dominant alleles for a trait (written as AA)
10. _______________________________-the words used to describe an individual with two
recessive alleles for a trait (written as aa)
11. _______________________________-a diagram used to predict probabilities in genetics
12. _______________________________-the likelihood that a specific event will occur (will
be stated as a _____________________________________________________)
13. _______________________________-a ratio of the genotype probabilities (ex. 1:2:1
ratio)
14. _______________________________-a ratio of the phenotype probabilities (ex. 3:1
ratio)
15. Generations in Genetics
a. Parental Generation _______
b. First Filial Generation _______
c. Second Filial Generation _______
16. _______________________________-a genetic cross between an individual that has a
dominant phenotype and unknown genotype with an individual that is homozygous
recessive (and has the recessive phenotype); use to determine the unknown’s genotype;
used primarily in agriculture to produce “pure” breeds or “hybrid” breeds of plants or
animals
LAWS OF GENETICS
1. ______________________________________________________________-some
alleles are dominant and are capable of masking the expression of other alleles that are
recessive in heterozygous individuals
2. ______________________________________________________________-pairs of
alleles separate in meiosis and each gamete receives only one allele from a pair; the law
explains why a trait can seem to disappear in one generation and reappear in the next
Ex. TT=Tall, Tt=Tall, tt=short
Parental Generation =TT
x
tt
First Filial Generation=Tt
x
Tt
Second Filial Generation=TT, Tt, tt
3. ______________________________________________________________-pairs of
alleles separate independently of one another during meiosis as long as the are located on
separate chromosomes; this pertains to dihybrid (two genes/two traits) genetics crosses