Download biology second semester study guide

BIOLOGY SECOND SEMESTER STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER 12 DNA
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Important definition terms and concepts:
 Transformation
 replication
 Bacteriophage
 DNA polymerase
 Base Pairing
 telomere
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Important discussion ideas:
 Describe the overall structure of the DNA molecule.
 What is Chargaff’s rule? What Watson and Crick discover?
 Summarize the events of DNA replication.
CHAPTER 13 RNA and Protein Synthesis
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Important definition terms and concepts:
RNA
intron
Gene expression
exon
Mutation
Ribosomal RNA
polypeptide
point mutation
Transfer RNA
genetic code
frameshift mutation
Transcription
codon
mutagent
RNA polymerase
translation
polyploidy
Promoter
anticodon
operon
operator
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Important discussion ideas:
 How is the genetic code read?
 What are mutations?
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What are the effects of mutations on genes?
What role does the ribosome play in assembling proteins?
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA.
Chapter 15 Genetic Engineering
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Selective breeding
hybridization
inbreeding
biotechnology
polymerase chain reaction
recombinant DNA
plasmid
genetic marker
transgenic
clone
gene therapy
DNA microarray
DNA fingerprinting forensics
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Important Discussion Ideas
What is selective breeding used for?
How do people increase genetic variation?
How is recombinant DNA used?
How can genetic engineering benefit agriculture and industry?
Chapter 30 Digestive and Excretory Systems
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Important definition terms and concepts:
 Epithelial tissue
 Connective tissue
 Nervous tissue
 Muscle tissue
 Homeostasis
 Feedback inhibition
 Calorie
 Carbohydrate
 Fat
 Protein
 Vitamin
 Mineral
 Mechanical digestion
 Chemical digestion
Amylase
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II.
Esophagus
Peristalsis
Stomach
Pepsin
Chyme
Small intestine
Villus
Large intestine
Excretion
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Nephron
Filtration
Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
Reabsorption
Loop of Henle
Important discussion ideas:
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How is the human body organized?
What is homeostasis?
Why do we need to eat?
What nutrients does your body need?
What is meant by the term balanced diet?
What are the functions of the digestive system?
What occurs during digestion?
How are nutrients absorbed and wastes eliminated?
What is the principal role of the structures of the excretory system?
How do the kidneys clean the blood?
How do the kidneys help maintain homeostasis?
Chapter 31 Nervous System
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Important definition terms and concepts:
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Peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system
Cell body
Dendrite
Axon
Myelin sheath
Resting potential
Action potential
Threshold
Synapse
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Neurotransmitter
Reflex
Cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Brain stem
Dopamine
Important discussion ideas:
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What are the functions of the nervous system?
What is the function of the neurons?
How does a nerve impulse begin?
Where does processing of information occur in the nervous system?
How do drugs change the brain and lead to addiction?
Chapter 32 Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems
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Important definition terms and concepts:
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Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Haversian canal
Bone marrow
Cartilage
Ossification
Obeoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast
Joint
Ligament
Muscle fiber
Myofibril
Myosin
Actin
Sarcomere
Neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine
Tendon
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Important discussion ideas:
What are the functions of the skeletal system?
What is the structure of a typical human bone?
What is the role of joints?
What are the principal types of muscle tissue?
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How do muscles contract?
How do muscle contractions produce movement?
Chapter 33 Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
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Important definition terms and concepts:
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Myocardium
Ventricle
Valve
Pulmonary circulation
Systemic circulation
Pacemaker
Artery
Capillary
Vein
Pharynx
Trachea
Larynx
Bronchus
Alveolus
Diaphragm
Important discussion ideas:
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What are the functions of the circulatory system?
How does the heart pump throughout the body?
What are three types of blood vessels?
What is the function of the respiratory system?
How are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged and transported throughout the body?
What mechanisms are involved in breathing?
How does smoking affect the respiratory system?