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Cell Specialization Notes
Cell Differentiation = Cell Specialization
What is Cell Differentiation?
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Cell Differentiation=_____________________________
It is a ________________________.
And in this process, a cell becomes “____________________” for
a specific structure or function during _____________________
development
Why is cell differentiation directly related to STEM CELLS?
 Well, ______________ cells are the ones able to differentiate.
 Stem cells are ____________________ cells.
 They have several abilities:
1. The can ________________ and renew themselves for______________ periods of time.
2. They can __________________ undifferentiated in form.
3. They can develop into _______________________ type of cell (_____________________________).
What, then, makes a blood cell different from a skin or muscle cell, or a leaf cell from a root cell in a plant?
 The answer lies in the way each cell “deploys” or utilizes its
_______________ (______________________).
 In other words, the particular combination of genes that are turned _____
(expressed) or turned off (_____________________) dictates cellular
structure and ______________________.
What does this mean exactly? And how does it happen?
 Actually, a cell’s location within the embryo helps determine how it will
differentiate.
 First, it is decided which genetic information will be expressed, thereby
indicating the type of cell that is to be formed.
 Then, through cell differentiation, those instructions are carried out and
specialized cells are formed.
 Thus, different cells can have very different physical characteristics despite
having the same genome.
When does differentiation occur?
 Differentiation occurs numerous times during the
_________________________ of a multicellular organism.
 As the organism changes from a simple ___________________ to a complex
system of tissues and cell types.
 Differentiation is a common process in ____________________ as well:
adult stem cells divide and create fully differentiated daughter cells during
tissue __________________ and during normal cell ___________________.
Major Types of Stem Cells:
 ___________________________ Stem Cells
 Cell can develop into all cell types.
 Can self-renew indefinitely
 Plentiful
 Embryos used in research is 4-5 days old: it
is a ball of cells
 Left over embryos from IVF procedures.
They are mostly donated.
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__________________________ Stem Cells
 Cell can develop into a few cell types but
not all.
 Hard to find.
 Body cells (somatic) found in organs and
tissues.
 They are called “adult” because they are
found after an embryo develops into a fetus
and are no longer an embryonic stem cell.
Examples of Specialized Cells:
1. Blood Cells:
A. Red blood cells carry _______________________ to body cells.
B. _________________ blood cells protect us from infection by
_____________________ foreign substances.
2. Muscle Cells:
Muscle cells are specifically designed to
___________________________, to cause movement. Their long,
_______________________________________________ is perfect for
contracting.
3. Epithelial Cells:
Epithelial cells are found on biological ________________________. They can be designed for
________________________, absorption, secretion, etc.
4. In Plants:
A. Specialized “____________________________” on roots are designed to increase
_________________________ of water and nutrients, through increased surface __________.
B. Other cells in ___________________ are designed for _____________________, and protection.
C. Plant stems have cells that are specialized for _______________________ water, nutrients, etc. throughout
the plants.
D. _____________________ of plants have many kinds
of specialized cells.
1. __________________ cells open and close to let
out water vapor and allow for ____________
exchange.
2. _______________________ cells have many
chloroplasts for carrying out
_________________________.
Putting it all together: In all previous examples, the particular
combination of genes that are turned on (expressed) or turned off
(repressed) has dictated or determined:
 How these cells work
 And what they look like…