Download Innate Immune Response

Unit 3 Biology
The innate immune response
Guiding Questions
1. At what level do defence mechanisms operate?
2. Are non-specific defences found in all organisms?
3. Why are non-specific defences given this name?
4. What do we mean by innate responses?
5.
6.
7.
8.
What type of defences do invertebrates have?
How may they respond to foreign material?
What extra defence do some crustaceans have?
What do both these mechanisms require?
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
What levels of defence do plants have?
What is the first line of defence for plants and how does it work?
What types of secondary substances are produced by plants? Give an example.
What would be an example of a cell-mediated response in plants?
What is another mechanism plants have for dealing with parasite infections?
14. What types of microbes has the eukaryotic immune system evolved to deal with?
15. On what basis does the immune system tell the difference between self cells and microbes?
16. Do human cells share any cell markers with microbes?
17. What are PAMPS?
18. What are antigens?
19. What are the unique markers on human cells called?
20. Where are MHC 1 molecules found?
21. Where are MHC 2 molecules found?
22. What does an MHC molecule present to the immune system?
23. What are the requirements for an effective defence against pathogens?
24. What are the two possible outcomes of a microbial invasion in terms of the innate immune
response?
25. When does the adaptive immune system come into play?
26. What are some other names for the adaptive immune response?
27. What is immunity?
28. Where are immune defences required?
29. Do all microbes cause disease?
30. What are opportunistic infections?
31. Which evolved first the adaptive immune response or the innate immune response?
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
What stages of an infection is the innate response most involved in?
What are the characteristics of the innate response?
What are the four different components of the innate response?
What do physical barriers do?
What do biochemical barriers do?
What do normal flora do?
38.
39.
40.
41.
What is the complement system?
How are the proteins in the complement system activated?
How is the complement cascade activated?
What are the results of activating the complement system?
42. What are cytokines and what do they do?
43. What are interferons?
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
What are the three main groups of cells of the innate immune response?
Which cells are phagocytic cells?
Which cells are cytotoxic cells?
Which cells are inflammatory cells?
Where do the cells of the innate immune response originate from?
49. What does the term phagocyte refer to?
50. What does the term granulocyte refer to?
51. What types of cells are phagocytes?
52. What other function do macrophages have?
53. What are the functions of phagocytic cells?
54. What are some of the mechanisms phagocytes have for killing microbes?
55. Why are neutrophils both granulocytes and phagocytes?
56. What are some other types of granulocytes?
57.
58.
59.
60.
What is the function of cytotoxic cells?
What do NK cells target?
What do eosinophils target?
What do macrophages target?
61.
62.
63.
64.
What substance do mast cells release and what does this substance do?
What is the result of histamine result?
What do phagocytes do in inflammation?
What substances are involved in dampening down the inflammatory response?
65. What are the steps taken by the body to prevent blood loss?
66. What is a fever?
67. How is a fever triggered?
68. How does fever help the body deal with infection?