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Chemical Compounds in Cells You are surrounded by particles that you ______see! Air is made up of millions of _______ particle. They bump into your skin, hide in the folds of your clothes, and whoosh into your nose every time you take a breath! You and the ________________________, including the cells in your body, are ____________________________________. Some of these particles are ______________ are other are ___________________. Elements – is any substance that cannot be broken down into simple substances – the smallest unit of an element is called an atom and an element is made up of only ONE kind of element! The Periodic table has all of the elements known to man arranged upon it. Look at a periodic table. Ex: the air around you is a mixture of gases! The gases in the air are oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide (compound) Compounds – when two or more elements combine chemically, they form a compound – most elements in living things are in compound form and the smallest unit of a compound is call a molecule! Ex: carbon dioxide is a compound made up of the elements carbon and oxygen (written as CO2) The prefix “di” means two, there are 2 atoms of the element oxygen (oxide) in a molecule of carbon dioxide. CO2 Is not an element it is a compound, a combination of several elements. Like CO2, water is a__________, too! Each water (H2O) molecule is made up of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom! Water makes up about 2/3 of your _______, and most chemical ___________________ within cells could not take place without water! Many compounds in living things contain the element ____________. Most compounds that contain carbon are called _______________ compounds and compounds that don’t contain carbon are called ________________compounds! Ex: H2O (water) and NaCl (sodium chloride) and table salt are all ______________________! Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are important groups of organic compounds in ____________________ things! Carbohydrates – is an _______________________ organic compound made of elements C (carbon), H (hydrogen) and O (oxygen) – sugar and starches are _______________________. Look at food labels, carbohydrates end in ”ose” glucose, fructose, cellulose….. Carbohydrates are ______________________ components of some cell parts – the cellulose found in the cell walls of plants is a type of carbohydrate Lipids – are energy-rich organic _________________________ made of C, H and O – fats, oils and waxes are all lipids. Lipids contain even _________________ energy than ________________________! Cells store energy in lipids for late use. What do a bird’s feathers, a spider’s web and your _________________ have in common? All of these ______________________ are made mainly of ___________!! Proteins – are large ___________________ molecules made of C, (Carbon) H, (Hydrogen) N (nitrogen) and in some cases, S (sulfur) – meat, eggs, nuts and beans are all high in protein. Protein molecules are made up of __________________________ called Amino Acids. Although there are only ____________________ amino acids, cells can combine them in different ways to form ___________________ of ________________ proteins! The __________________________ acids and the _____________________ in which they link together determine the ____________________ of protein that forms Think of the 20 amino acids as being the 26 letters of the alphabet – the letters can form thousands of words, and the letters you use and their order determine the words you form – a change in one letter, for example, from rice to mice creates a new word, and if you change the order or type of amino acid may result in a different protein! Proteins known as ____________________________perform important function in the _________________________ that take place in cells Enzyme – type of protein that __________________________ a chemical reaction in a living thing and without enzymes, many chemical reactions that are necessary for life would ______________________ or not occur at all Ex: enzymes in saliva speed up the digestion of food by breaking down starches into sugars in your mouth Nucleic Acids – are very _______________________ molecules made of C, O, N and P (phosphorus) and the contain _________________________ that cells need to carry out _________________ the functions of life 2 Kinds of Nucleic Acids: Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA) – the _______________________ that carries info about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring – most DNA found in a cell is in the chromatin, in the nucleus Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) – plays an important role in the __________________________ and is found in the ________________________ as well as the nucleus