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STUDY GUIDE
UNIT C: Chapter 1 - The Changing Earth
Lesson 1
Objectives:
Lesson 2
Objectives:
Lesson 3
Objectives:
Lesson 4
Objectives:
What are the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere?
What are the crust, mantle, and core?
What evidence shows that continents have moved?
What is the theory of plate tectonics?
What events are caused by plate movements?
How does weathering change the earth?
How does erosion change the earth?
How does deposition change the earth?
How do rocks change form?
How are igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks formed?
How do fossils indicate how the earth has changed?
Statements to consider when studying…
The layer that surrounds the earth and protects it from too much sunlight is the atmosphere.
Earth’s lakes, oceans and rivers are part of the hydrosphere.
Rocks, soils, and minerals are part of the lithosphere.
The atmosphere is the layer of gases around the earth.
Earth’s hydosphere serves as the planet’s water supply.
People build homes, cities, and farms on the lithosphere.
The atmosphere contains gases needed by organisms to live.
Earth’s lithosphere contains rocks, soils, and minerals that plants need.
Earth’s hydrosphere contains rivers, streams, lakes, and oceans.
The outer part of the lithosphere is the crust.
The center layer of the earth is called the core.
The mantle is the layer between the crust and the core.
If you took a journey to the center of the earth, you would find a core of solid, very hot metals.
The mantle, just above the earth’s core, is partly melted and partly solid.
Earth’s lithosphere is formed by the mantle’s rigid upper part and the crust, which is the top, hard rock layer.
Beneath the Earth’s crust lies the mantle, which is partly solid and partly semi-solid.
During the 1500’s, geographers who made the first accurate maps noticed that the continents seemed to fit
together like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.
The theory that says the earth’s surface is made up of about 20 moving pieces is called plate tectonics.
Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that explains how continents move.
The earth’s plates move very slowly.
Mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes are caused by plate movement.
Breaking down or changing rock happens during the process of weathering.
Physically weathered rocks have been broken.
Water causes physical weathering when it breaks a rock into pieces by expanding when it freezes.
Water causes chemical weathering when it mixes with air pollutants (carbon dioxide) to form weak acids that
change what rocks are made of (dissoves limestone).
Weathered rock and soil are moved by the process of erosion.
Erosion happens when wind or water move weathered rocks or soil.
As is slows down, water drops eroded materials in the process called deposition.
Deposition changes the earth’s surface because eroded materials are dropped in new places and may form new
land features.
During the rock cycle, rocks change.
Igneous rock is formed when molten mantle deep inside the earth rises, cools, and hardens.
Sedimentary rock forms when layers of solid particles are cemented together with a layer of sand at the bottom
of a body of water.
When scientists find fossils of a familiar species in an unfamiliar rock layer, they know that the rock layer
formed when the species was alive.
The remains of dead organisms form fossils if they are trapped in layers of sedimentary rock.