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Scientific method
Observation, data, hypothesis, variable controlled experiment,
evidence, theory
Observation is when you use all of your senses to get and write data about
what you saw. Data is the item of information from your observations.
Hypothesis is a reason to explain your observations. Variable controlled
experiment is when you have one controlled experiment. However on the
other experiment, you change one variable. Using variable controlled
experiments can give you accurate results because you can compare the
controlled to the experiment with one changed aspect. Evidence is
information that is collected from your experiments and observations. With all
of your evidence from your experiment, you can come up with a logical
theory. A theory is an explanation from your observations.
Topic and Chapters: Themes of Biology, Ch 1 (1)
Biosphere, ecosystem, organism, cell, DNA, gene, species, domain,
prokaryotic cell, eukaryotic cell, multicellular, unicellular, photosynthesis,
producer, consumer, homeostasis, adaptation, population, natural selection,
evolution
A biosphere is all of Earths parts that are inhabited by organisms. In this
biosphere, there are ecosystems. Ecosystems are the community of living
things and the nonliving parts of the environment that support them. In that
ecosystem, there are living creatures, or organisms. These organisms are
built from cells, the basic part of life. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA are the
ones that are responsible for inheritance. In the DNA there are components
called genes. These genes are inherited information in the DNA. Different
genes can create different life forms, or species. Although you can describe
different animals by species you can also cauterize them into a domain. A
domain is the most general category you can use to categorize different life
forms. Prokaryotic cells are the basic cells that have no nucleus and other
organelles. However, eukaryotic cells are the cells with its own nucleus and
other organelles. Multicelluar organisms contain many cells and have
separate roles and functions. On the other hand, unicellular organisms only
consist of one, single cell.
Photosynthesis is a process that plants have. It is when the plant uses
the energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide (co2) into
sugars. Because plants make their own "food", they are called producers.
Producers are the organisms that make and "serve" food to their ecosystems.
With producers, there are consumers. Consumers "consume" or takes food
from the producers or other organisms who are consumers.
When your body is at a stabilized state, it is called homeostasis. . A
population is same species that are living at the same place at the same time.
When a organism needs to change or "adapt" to a new climate, or
environment. They might start to get adaptations, or characteristics that boost
the organism's ability to survive in this new environment. Natural selection is
when stronger or better individuals with the better genes pass on their genes
because they can survive better in the environment than others. With that,
they leave behind more offspring. Over time, these characteristics are
common and help its species survive. This is called evolution. It's a
generation to generation change from the inherited genes and can cause a
change in characteristics over time.
Topic and Chapters: Evolution, Ch 14, 15 (2)
Evolution, adaptation, descent with modification, natural selection, fossil fossil
record, extinct, homologous structure, vestigial structure, population,
variation, gene pool, microevolution, genetic drift, gene flow, macroevolution,
speciation, reproductive isolation, geographic isolation, adaptive radiation,
embryology, geologic time scale, radiometric dating, half-life, continental drift,
mass extinction, taxonomy, binomial, convergent evolution, analogous
structures,
Evolution is a change in species characteristics that occurs over time from
inherited genes. Evolution can bring about adaptations from the "better
suited" genes for a specific environment. Descent with modification is a
process which descendants verge off into different habitats and adapt
differently, which makes a more diverse species. Natural selection is when an
organism that has better genes survive and ultimately produces more babies,
which spreads its "good" genes. Fossils are the preserved parts of an
organism that lived in the past. Fossil records are the chronological collection
of fossils. Many fossils are remains of extinct, or species that are no longer on
Earth. Homologous structures are structures that are found in multiple
species, they both share common ancestors. Vestigial structure are structures
that may have been significant in ancestors but serve no function in species
today. Analogous structures are structures that are similar to a different
species because of adapting to the same environment.
From different inherited parts and adaptations, variations occur in species. In
populations, there is a gene pool, which is all of the alleles in the individual
organisms. Microevolution is a minute change in the alleles in a population.
However, macroevolution is a MAJOR change that is clearly evident in the
fossil record.
Genetic drift is a change in a gene pool by chance. Gene flow is the
exchange of genes between 2 different populations. With the movement of
genes, speciation, or the formation of completely new specie, occurred.
However, genes are sometimes blocked by a natural barrier. This is called
reproductive isolation. Geographic isolation is when a population is separate
because of geographic change or by migrating to isolated locations. Adaptive
radiation is evolution from one ancestor but, they changed because they have
adapted to different and diverse environments. Embryology is the study of
how multi cellular organisms develop from eggs to fully form. Geologic time
scale is the Earth's history organized into 4 different periods. Precambrian,
Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. Radiometric dating is when you
determine the age of rocks and fossils thorugh radioactice isotopes decay
rate. Half-life is the time it takes for half of a radioactive isotope to decay.
Continental drift, is the motion of continents. Mass extinction is when many
species go extinct. Taxonomy is the identification, naming, and classification
of species. Binomial is the two part Latin name of a species. Convergent
evolution, is when two species are different, but have adapted to the same
environment. Thus gaining the same characteristics.
Topic and Chapters: Cells, Ch 6 (2)
Cell theory, organelle, plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, cell wall,
phospholipid bilayer, diffusion, equilibrium, selectively permeable membrane,
passive transport, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, hypertonic, hypotonic,
isotonic, active transport, vesicle, exocytosis, endocytosis, nuclear envelope,
nucleolus, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), golgi
apparatus, vacuole, lysosomes, chloroplast, mitochondria, ATP, flagella, cilia
Cell theory is the theory that ALL living things have come from one place. An
organelle is a cell part designed for a specific function. Plasma membrane is
the thin outer layer of the cell that regulates things from entering and leaving
the cell. Nucleus is an atom that is located inside the nucleous. It is the "core"
that contains protons and neutrons. It holds the cells DNA. Cytoplasm is the
space inside of a cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane. The
Cell wall is the strong wall outside a PLANT cells plasma membrane that
maintains the cells shape. The phospholipid bilayer is 2 layers of a
hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head that surrounds the cell.
Diffusion is the movement of a substance from more concentrated to less
concentrated. Equilibrium is a state of equality where no substance has to
move from more concentrated to less concentrated. Selectively permeable
membrane is a membrane that allows certain substances to pass easily than
others and even stops some from passing. Passive transport is diffusion
across a membrane that requires no energy. Facilitated diffusion, however, is
a way to pass through the membrane with the help of transport proteins.
Osmosis is a PASSIVE transport of water through a permeable membrane.
Hypertonic is when the concentration is more to less, while hypotonic is when
the concentration is less to more. However, isotonic is when everything is
equal. Active transport is the movement of molecules that USES energy.
Vesicle is a small membrane sac that moves things into, out of and within a
cell. Exocytosis is the process of "dumping" proteins out of a cell by using a
vesicle. Whereas, endocytosis is when you take in proteins by using a
vesicle. Nuclear envelope is a double membrane that surrounds the cell
nucleus. Nucleolus is the mass of fibers in the cells nucleus. Ribosome is a
cluster of proteins and nucleic acids that construct proteins in a cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum is cluster of folded membranes that produces a variety
of molecules. Gogli apparatus is an organelle that packages and sends cell
products. Vacuole is the membrane that comes from the Golgi apparatus or
endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes that
breaks down proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides. Chloroplast is an
organelle that is found in cells wwhere photosynthesis takes place.
Mitochondria is where cellular respiration occurs. ATP is the MAIN energy
source for cells. Flagellum is a structure that allows cells to move. Cillia is a
short structure that can move a cell.
Topic and Chapters: Photosynthesis, Ch 8 (1)
Chloroplasts, chlorophyll, stroma, thylakoid, light reactions, calvin cycle,
pigment, paper chromatography
Chloroplast is an organelle that is found in cells that use the suns energy to
make their own energy. Chlorophyll is what is used to split water molecules
and gives the chloroplast its green tint. Stroma is a thick fluid that is located in
the inner membrane of the chloroplast. The thylakoid is a disk shaped "sac"
that is located in the stroma. It is the location where light reactions occur.
Calvin cycle is the cycle that plants go through in order to make sugar, h ions,
and energy carried by NADPH. Pigment is a chemical that determines a color.
Paper chromatography is used to figure out the different pigments in a
material.
Topic and Chapters: Cellular Respiration, Ch 7 (1)
Autotroph, photosynthesis, producer, heterotroph, consumer, cellular
respiration, ATP, aerobic, electron transport chain, metabolism, glycolysis,
krebs cycle, ATP synthase, fermentation, anaerobic
Autotroph is a cell that makes its own food. Photosynthesis is the process
when plants use the suns energy to convert water and co2 into sugars. A
producer produces its own food. A heterotroph is a organism that gets its food
by feasting on other organisms. Consumer a consumer eats other consumers
or producers. Cellular respiration is a process that uses o2 to change
chemical energy in the molecules to ATP. ATP is the main source of energy
for the cells. ATP synthase uses energy from H ions to convert ADP to ATP.
ATP can be reused because it turns to ADP and can be "recharged" to ATP.
Aerobic means that it requires oxygen. Electron transport chain is the process
that electron carriers transfer electrons and release energy during cellular
respiration. Metabolism is all of a cell's chemical processes. Glycolysis is the
splitting in half of the glucose and it is the first stage for cellular respiration or
fermentation. Fermentation is the process of making ATP, without oxygen
which is called anaerobic. Krebs cycle is the stage that breakdown of pyruvic
acid molecule to CO2 and that makes energy.
Topic and Chapters: Mitosis & Meiosis, Ch 9 (3)
Asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, chromatin, chromosome, sister
chromatids, centromere, cell cycle, interphase, mitotic phase, mitosis,
cytokinesis, spindle, centrosome, prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase, cell plate, benign tumor, malignant tumor, cancer, metastasis,
meiosis, karyotype, homologous chromosome, sex chromosome, diploid,
gamete, haploid, fertilization, zygote, tetrad, crossing over, genetic
recombination
Asexual reproduction is when you produce offspring from one parent.
However, sexual reproduction is when you produce offspring from two
parents. Chromatin is a combo of DNA and protein. It makes up the genetic
material in the nucleus. Chromosome are condensed threads of genetic
information. It is formed from chromatin right before the cell divides. Sister
chromatids is a pair of completely identical chromosomes that are created
right before the cell divides. Centromere is where the sister chromatids are
joined tightly together.
The Cell cycle is the events that take place from the start of the cell to the
time the cell reproduces. Interphase is the step when the cell performs its
regular functions. Mitotic phase is the stage when the the cell is dividing.
Mitosis is when the nucleus and the chromosomes of a cell divide and form 2
daughter cells. Cytokinesis is when the cytoplasm is actually divided into two
separate pieces. Spindles are the microtubules that guide the chromosomes
during mitosis and meiosis. Centrosome is the region of cytoplasmic material
that are in animal cells. They contain centrioles.
Prophase is when the chromosomes condense. Metaphase is when the
spindle is formed and the chromosomes are ready to be guided. Anaphase is
the sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the spindles. Telophase
is when the chromosomes finally reach the poles of the spindles and the
nuclear envelopes form around each and the nucleoli reappear. Cell plate is a
early form of the cell wall.
Benign tumor is a lot of cells that do not spread. However, malignant tumors
spread and are very lethal. Cancer is a disease that is triggered by abnormal
cell cycles. Metastasis is when cancer cells spread.
Meiosis is what produces four daughter cells that contain only half the
number of chromosomes as the parent. Karyotype Is an image of ones 46
chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes are matching pair of chrms that
are inherited from each parent. A sex chromosome is a chromosome that
determines the gender of an individual. Diploid is having two homologous
sets of chromosomes. Gamete is a sex cell such as an egg or sperm. Haploid
is having only a single set of chromosomes. Fertilization is when the sperm
combines with the egg which forms a zygote. A tetrad is a group of four
chromotids that cross over, or exchange genetic material between
homologous chrms. Genetic recombination is the outcome of crossing over.
Topic and Chapters: Genetics, Ch 10 (1-2)
Trait, genetics, cross-fertilization, hybrid, allele, homozygous, heterozygous,
dominant, recessive, punnett square, phenotype, genotype, testcross,
dihybrid cross, intermediate inheritance, codominance, polygenic inheritance,
chromosome theory of inheritance, gene locus, genetic linkage, sex-linked
gene
A pedigree is used to follow a trait within a family so that one can determine
the inheritance pattern. For a dominant trait, if a child has it, they must have
at least one parent that also has it. For a recessive trait, a child can have it
without either parent showing the trait. When comparing autosomal and sex
linked traits, sex-linked traits typically show more males than females having
it, and every female that has the trait must have a father who also has it.
Once the inheritance pattern has been determined, a Punnett can be used to
calculate the probability of two individuals passing along that trait if their
genotypes are known. For dominant to recessive, capital and lower case
letters are used respectively, while codominance and intermediate dominance
both use capital letters with superscripts. For codominance, both traits are
seen in the phenotype and for intermediate, a blending of the traits occurs.
For sex-linked traits, one must include the XX for females and the XY for
males, and superscripts are also used. If two traits are being tracked, a larger
4 X 4 Punnett can be used.
Topic and Chapters: Human Genetics, Ch 12 (1-2)
Genome, histone, trisomy 21, down syndrome, nondisjunction, duplication,
deletion, inversion, translocation, transposon, pedigree, carrier, genetic
counselor, growth factor, tumor-suppressor gene, oncogene,
Complete set of an organism genetic material is your genome. Histones are
small proteins that the DNA coils around to take up less room. Trisomy 21 is
when you have 3 pairs of chromosome 21. It is also called down syndrome.
Nondisjunction is when the homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids
fail to separate. Duplication is the change in a chromosome when a part of it
gets repeated. Deletion is when apart of it gets deleted. Inversion is when 2
parts switch. Translocation is when one "hops" over to another chromosome.
Transposon is a gene that can jump and sometimes interrupt another gene.
Growth factor is protein that initiates cell division. A tumor suppressor gene is
a gene that stops cell division by producing a certain protein. Oncogene is a
cancer causing gene.
Topic and Chapters: DNA, Ch 11.1 - 11.3 (1)
Virus, bacteriophage, DNA, nucleotide, pyrimidine, nitrogenous base, purine,
double helix, DNA replication, DNA polymerase
A virus is nucleic acid that is wrapped in a protein coat. A virus MUST use a
host to reproduce itself. Bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria but is
also called a phage. DNA is deoxyribonucleicacid and it holds genetic
information. Nucleotide is the the parts of the nucleic acid polymers. A
nitrogenous base can have one or two rings of carbon and nitrogen . They
are found in nucleic acids. Pyrimidine is a single-ringed nitrogenous base.
Purines are double ringed nitrogenous bases. Double helix is the two "string"
wound about each other. DNA's structure is a double helix. DNA replication
the the copying of DNA molecules. DNA replicates by unwinding and DNA
polymerase adds the complementary bases the two strands.