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Chp 5 Cloze There are at least ____ reasons why scientists classify organisms. First, _____________ helps identify the relationships between organisms. Classification makes it easier to see how organisms are both ________ and ________. It helps give ________ to millions of different organisms. Second, classification requires scientists to identify key _____________ of each organism. This helps scientists avoid ___________ one organism for another because of _________________ minor differences. Third, classification helps avoid ___________. Common ______________ differ in different countries, languages, and locations. The ____________- is also known as mahimahi or el dorado. ___________________ systems used today avoids this issue by assigning every species to it’s own ___________ name. In 1758, ____________________________ began a classification system into different ____________ (meaning to appraise or handle). He created a __________level system beginning with the most general, kingdom, all the way down to species. The most specific name in the classification system is _________________. This is also written in lower case and italic. It is an individual name for an organism. A _________ is considered a group of organisms that can reproduce together and create other reproducing offspring. There is a problem, however, with this definition. Some organisms reproduce __________ and some are different species that do not normally reproduce and can create ____________ offspring under ___________ circumstances. Classifications change based on new _____________________ or new _____________. ___________________ base their classification on similarities such as __________________ anatomical features and __________________ similarities. ____________ share characteristics grouped in a family. We know that Carcharhinus is considered a __________________ because the name is italicized and capitalized. Phyla are grouped together into ______________. Most taxonomists classify organisms based on _____________ features but what happens if the organisms look the same and differ very little? The study of ____________ has become important to help scientists classify these similar organisms. Taxonomists also have a common problem with organisms don’t fit into neatly __________ classifications. A good example of this are __________ and rays. Both belong to Chondricthyes but there are so many different organisms that taxonomists have created __________ to create new higher or lower divisions. By using ______________ classifications as appropriate, scientists have been able to fit every known organism into the __________________ from kingdom to species. New information causes change within the classification scheme but every ____________ has an assigned taxonomy. According to your Marine Biology book, there are _______kingdoms and ________ domains. Originally, all organisms were classified as either _________ or animals. Looking at the Taxa tree, organisms at the bottom are _______________ and become more ______________ as you move up the tree Prokaryotes : The most important __________________ producers are ________________ living in the ocean. Prokaryotes don’t have complex internal _______________ structures and are far _______________ than cells found in other kingdoms. They also lack chromosomes or ________________ and have a simple ring of either ____________ or _______. Although many of these Prokaryotes are able to complete photosynthesis, they lack ______________. Prokaryotes range from _________ to _________ microns. They are also the ______________ organisms, originating approximately 3.5 billion years ago. We have also learned that bacteria were responsible for putting _________ in our atmosphere through the process of ____________________. It is theorized that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes through a process called ___________________. IN this process, it is thought that mitochondria and ____________ moved into prokaryote cells. The smaller mitochondria and the chloroplast helped the cells they were living in by giving them a ________________. In return, the bacterial cell offered protection and gave them an _________________. Remember that our environement initially didin’t have any ____ gas. This gas was highly toxic many cells and when the mitochondria moved into the prokaryote, it would help _________________ the cell, help deal with the toxic gas. We also theorize this because mitochondria and chloroplast each have their own __________ which differ significantly from the DNA of the cell they occupy. Archae and Bacteria: Monera was split into 2 ____________, Eubacteria and Archaea. Archaea means ___________ and are found in extreme environments such as the blasting hot furnace of the hydrothermal _________, or in extremely acidic or salty environments. If they live near hydrothermal vents, we learned they use _______________ in order to get food, unlike surface organisms who use photosynthesis to get theirs. This is one reason why scientists theorize that ______________ are the oldest forms of life in existence. The reason scientists split the kingdom from 5 to ____ is that they were able to compare the _____________ and biochemical composition and found that archaea and bacteria differ greatly. Not all bacteria are ____________ that cause disease. That’s only a small part of what bacteria does. They are extremely ________________ and capable of many processes. We saw one of these processes where bacteria were able to break down nitrates and ammonia in the ____________ cycle. One of the most important group of bacteria are the ______________________, also known as blue-green algae. They are not really blue green, nor are they ________________. These bacteria are crucial to life because scientists think that _________________ evolved in these bacteria. We know that ______________ is given off in this process and it is also thought that they helped create the oxygen in the atmosphere. These bacteria are also the ones responsible for ______________________ fixation. If you have a lot of nitrogen in your fish tank, you will probably see a lot of these ____________________ bacteria. Flamingos also get their pink coloring from ___________________________.