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Transcript
SBI3U/E Exam Review Genetics Terminology Prokaryotic Eukaryotic DNA Gene Locus Cell cycle Mitosis Ootid Chromatin spermatocytes Cytokinesis Gene Chromosome Sister chromatid Metastasis Spindle fibres Meiosis Tetrad Homologous chromosomes Nucleotide Purine Adenine disorders ultrasound non-disjunction Pleiotrophic alleles Purebred Stock Crossing over Gametogenesis Polar bodies Oocytes Sex Chromosome Trisomy Monosomy Karyotype Spermatogonium Autosome chromosome Dominant Recessive Alleles Centromere Homozygous Heterozygous Genotype Punnett square Hybridization Inbreeding Gametes Haplid Dioploid Zygote Synapsis Complete dominance Phenotype chromosome Polygenic Traits Questions 1. What are the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis. 2. How is crossing over different from independent assortment? 3. What are characteristics (extra or missing chromosome / sex chromosome or autosome chromosome) of Turner syndrome, Down syndrome and Klinefelter’ syndrome? 4. Be able to draw a nondisjunction diagram of the sex cells. 5. In a disputed paternity case, a woman with blood type B has a child with type O, and she claimed that it had been fathered by a man with type A. What can be proved from these facts? 6. T = Tall, t = short B = brown hair, b = blonde hair Cross a homozygous tall, heterozygous brown haired male with a heterozygous tall, blonde haired female. Use a Punnett square to show parents and gametes. a) What is the phenotypic ratio? b) How many offspring are homozygous for both characteristics? c) How many offspring are heterozygous for both characteristics? 7. Palomino horses are known to be caused by the interaction of two different genes. The allele Cr in the homozygous condition produces a chestnut, or reddish color, horse. The allele Cm produces a very pale cream color, called cremello, in the homozygous condition. The palomino color is caused by the interaction of both the chestnut and cremello alleles. Indicate the expected ratios in the F1 generation from mating a palomino with a cremello. Name this type of inheritance. Evolution Terminology 1. Evolution 2. Microfossils 3. Radioactive decay 4. Catastrophism 5. Half-life 6. Homologous 7. Analogous 8. Vestigial 9. Gene pool 10. Pseudogenes 11. Allele frequency 12. Genotype frequency 13. Evolution 14. Bottleneck effect 15. Gene flow 16. Founder effect 17. Neutral mutation 18. Directional selection 19. Disruptive selection 20. Sexual selection 21. Sexual dimorphism 22. Speciation 23. Microevolution 24. Species 25. Reproductive isolating mechanisms 26. Prezygotic mechanisms 27. Ecological isolation 28. Temporal isolation 29. Behavioural isolation 30. Mechanical isolation 31. Gametic isolation 32. Hybrids 33. Postzygotic mechanisms 34. Zygotic mortality 35. Sympatric speciation 36. Divergent evolution 37. Convergent evolution 38. Permineralized fossil 39. Homoplasies 40. Adaptive radiation 41. Coevolution 42. Adaptation 43. Cumulative selection 44. Altruism 45. Kin selection 46. Hybrid inviability 47. Hybrid infertility 48. Allopatric speciation 49. Lethal mutation 50. Beneficial mutation 51. Stabilizing selection Questions 1. What is the frequency of homozygous dominant cats if the number of cats with the recessive trait it 72% 2. Tongue-rolling is a dominant trait in humans, if a class of 30 has 20 tongue rollers, determine the frequency of both alleles in the class. 3. Explain the presence of seemingly negative traits in some populations (i.e. Huge horns on deer, peacock tails, etc.) 4. What are the different types of reproductive isolating mechanisms? 5. What is the difference between analogous and homologous traits and provide an example of each 6. What is the difference between convergent and divergent evolution? Provide an example of both. 7. What is the difference between Stabilizing Selection, Directional Selection and Disruptive Selection. 8. Indicate the Pattern of selection (disruptive, stabilizing, directional) that best applies to the following examples a) In a certain species of fish males can be found that are very small or very large, there is no male fish that are medium size. b) The length of time whales can stay under water c) Birth size in humans d) Bill size of Darwin’s finches under normal conditions of rain (think back to the gizmo activity) e) Bill size of Darwin’s finches when rainfall was increased. Diversity Terminology: Biodiversity Species Heterotroph Autotroph transformation Vectors Host range Epidemic Gametophyte Sporophyte Asexual Saprophytes chitin mycelium pandemic Coccus Bacillus Pili Flagellum Gram + Gram malaria septa hypha Chlorophyll Multicellular Unicellular vascular symbiotic endospore budding fragmentation prokaryote eukaryote endosymbiosis spore Tap root lignin Vertebrates Invertebrates Asymmetrical radial Obligate aerobe Obligate anaerobe Facultative aerobe Binary fission transduction conjugation producers decomposers Bilateral Coelom Gut Blastula Morphology Antibiotic resistance 1. Which group or groups show the following characteristics (know– similarities and differences between groups - summary chart)? a) eukaryotic cell b) are not truly living c) prokaryotic cell d) reproduce by both sexual and asexual means e) only unicellular f) have some (or all) species that are autotrophs g) only multicellular h) heterotrophs i) both unicellular and multicellular j) reproduce mostly sexually Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. List the TAXA in order form smallest to largest List 2 advantages and 1 disadvantage of plants evolving to live on land? The presence of what structures allow plants to grow extremely tall? Name a few similarities and differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. List 2 ways gymnosperms are well adapted to weather in Canada List 2 reasons why viruses are not given a kingdom. List 2 similarities and differences between: a. prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell. b. eubacteria and archaea c. plante and animals d. protists and fungi 8. Name a few differences between monocots and dicots Plants Terminology: Vascular Tissue Meristem Apical meristem Vascular cambium Xylem Phloem Dermal tissue Vascular tissue Ground tissue Cuticle Schlerenchyma Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Blade Node Internode Petiole Simple leaf Compound leaf Vascular bundle Aerenchyma Eudicot Monocot Herbaceous stem Woody stem Bark Cork cambium Tracheids Vessel elements Sieve cells Corms Root hairs Cortex Endodermis Tap root Fibrous root Adventitious root Osmosis Active transport Adhesion Passive transport Source Sink Lateral meristem Auxin Gibberellin Cytokinin Ethylene Abscisic Acid Tropism Epidermis Periderm Parenchyma collenchyma Guard cells Stomata Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Companion cells Stolons (runners) Rhizomes Tubers Cohesion Root pressure Capillary action Transpiration Gravitropism Thigmotropism Phototropism grafting Scion Anther Stigma Ovary Ovule Sepal microspore pollen Megaspore Double Fertilization cotyledon endosperm pericarp cone Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What are the three types of tissues in vascular plants and what are their basic function? What functions do leaves serve (in and out)? What functions do plants stems fulfill for the plant (5 functions)? Compare and contrast the function of the phloem and xylem. What are the four main functions of roots? What are the three driving forces for the movement of water and nutrients in plants (roots, stem and leaves). 7. Why must active transport be used to move sugars and other solutes into the phloem? 8. Describe secondary growth (how trees grow in diameter). Name all relevant tissues Animals: Terminology: Absorption ADP (adenosine diphosphate) Aerobic Cellular Respiration Alveoli Amylase Aneurysm Antigen Arrhythmia Arteries Atherosclerosis ATP (adenosine triphosphate) Atrioventricular node (AV) Atrium Average heart rate and Bile blood pressure Blood types bolus Bronchi CAD Capillaries Carbohydrases Cardiac Cellular respiration (formula) Chyme Cilia Cirrhosis Closed circulatory system Congenital heart defects Crohn’s Disease Diaphragm Diastole Digestion Duodenum Egestion Embolism Endoscope Enzyme Erythrocytes Esophageal sphincter Esophagus Exhalation Expiratory reserve Gallbladder Gastric cancer Hemoglobin Hypertension Ileum Ingestion Inhalation Inspiratory reserve Insulin Jejunem Larynx Leukocytes Lipase Liver Myogenic muscle Open circulatory system Oxidation Pacemaker Pancreas Parotid Pepsin Pericardium Peristalsis Pharynx Plasma Platelets Proteases Pulmonary vein Pyloric sphincter Respiration Rugae Secretin Semilunar valve Septum Sinoatrial node (SA) Systole Thermoregulation Thrombus Tidal volume Trachea Vasoconstriction Vasodilation Vein Ventilation Ventricle Villi Vital capacity Questions : 1. How does the structure of the lungs maximize oxygen uptake? 2. What are the factors that affect lung capacity? 3. What are erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes? What is the function of each? 4. What are the implications to someone that has a pancreas that is unable to produce an alkaline substance? Name the substance in your answer. 5. Compare and contrast veins and arteries. Include the one exception. 6. Using arrows show the path of blood as it returns from the upper and lower body and moves towards the lungs, on the diagram below 7. Name the parts of the digestive system that perform the following tasks. a) physical/mechanical digestion ______________________________ b) allows food to enter the small intestine _________________________ c) produces bile _____________________________________________________ d) neutralizes acidic food (chyme) ______________________________________ e) produces insulin and other hormones that regulate blood sugar levels ________ f) most of the water is recovered here ___________________________ g) makes vitamins __________________________________________