Download Cancers (tumours) are not inherited, nor are they

Cancers (tumours) are not inherited, nor are they pathogenic.
What is a tumour?
Define pathogen.
Give named examples of the four types of pathogen.
Explain why antibiotics are not effective against viruses.
Distinguish between bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics.
Outline the emergence of Multiple-Resistant bacteria as a result of overuse of
antibiotics and subsequent evolution by natural selection.
How do the skin and mucous membrane act as the body’s primary defense against
infection?
Blood clotting can prevent further entry of pathogens into the blood and stops
bleeding.
Draw a simple flowchart to outline blood clotting as a metabolic pathway.
Include the roles of platelets, clotting factors, thrombin, fibrinogen, erythrocytes.
Draw a diagram to show how a phagocyte engulfs a pathogen by phagocytosis.
What is the role of lysozymes in this process?
What is the role of the following types of cells in defense against infectious
diseases?
Phagocytes (macrophages)
B-cells
T-cells
Plasma cells
Memory cells
Distinguish between antigens (epitopes) and antibodies.
When a pathogen invades an
organism, this is called a
‘challenge’
Outline the body’s ‘response’
to this challenge, leading to
antibody production.
What is polyclonal selection?
How do antibodies allow the body to defeat a pathogen?
How does clonal selection when fighting a pathogen lead to immunity
against that same pathogen?
Distinguish between passive, active, artificial and natural immunity with examples of
each.
Annotate the graph to show how vaccination (immunisation) works.
Name one disease that has been
eradicated through vaccination
programmes.
Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccination programmes.
Benefits
Dangers
DefineHIV
Define AIDS
Distinguish between HIV and AIDS.
Explain the effects of HIV on the immune system.
Discuss the cause, tranmission, social and economic impacts of HIV.
How might HIV/AIDS affect developed nations differently to developing nations
such as
regions of Africa?
Suggest reasons why a vaccine for HIV is difficult to produce.
The ELISA test can be used as a diagnostic test for HIV.
What does ELISA stand for?
Tests such as the ELISA test and the HCG test for pregnancy use a large number
of
antibodies. A marker is attached that changes colour when these
antibodies are
activated by the presence of a specific antigen (such as HIV or HCG
hormone).
Outline the process of monoclonal antibody production.
Include the roles of B-cells, tumour cells and hybridomas.
Name one therapeutic use of monoclonal antibodies.
List three diseases (other than HIV) that can be sexually transmitted and their
effects.
The Kidney is responsible for filtering toxins out of the blood and maintaining
osmoregulation.
Define osmoregulation.
In the space below, draw a simple diagram of the kidney. Label and state the roles
of:
Renal vein, renal artery, cortex, medulla, pelvis, ureter.
The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney.
Label the diagram below with these structures and their functions:
Afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, renal capsule, proximal convoluted
tubule, Loop of Henle with descending and ascending loops, distal convoluted
tubule, colecting duct.
Explain ultrafiltration in the renal capsule.
Include the roles of arterioles, fenestrations, capillary wall and basement
membrane.
Which components of the blood are not filtered out by ultrafiltration? Why?
Outline selective reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.
By which methods are water, salts and glucose reabsorbed?
What structural features of the proximal convoluted tubule assist it in this function?
Explain the functions of the loop of Henle.
How are salts removed in the descending and ascending loops?
What is the effect on the concentration of the medulla and the urine?
The water balance of the blood is finally adjusted in the collecting duct.
Explain how this works.
When a person is dehydrated, ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) is released into the
blood.
What is the the effect of ADH on:
The walls of the collecting duct?
Water uptake into the blood?
Concentration of the urine?
Consider this data table:
Calculate the concentration of urea in the urine.
Why is such a large proportion of urea removed from the blood?
Explain why no proteins and macromolecules are present in the filtate or urine.
100% of glucose is reclaimed. Explain how this occurs.