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Anatomy & Physiology for Myomassologists
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
Description:
Functions:
A group of glands that work in partnership with the
nervous system and affect bodily activities by
releasing chemical messengers (hormones) into the
blood. These hormones can take several minutes or up
to several hours to bring about their responses.
 Help control the internal environment by regulating the
chemical composition of the body
 Helps the body respond to emergency situations and
demands
 Assumes the roles for smooth & sequential growth and
development of the body
 Contributes to the basic processes of reproduction
Endocrine Glands:
Hypothalamus –
considered part of the nervous system, also
produces and releases hormones, thus is
considered and neuro-endocrine organ. It’s
primary function is homeostasis, it’s primary
influence is over the pituitary gland.
Pituitary -
‘the master’ gland regulates numerous body
activities, with the major one being growth
Thyroid -
controls metabolism in the body
Parathyroid -
promotes the release of calcium from bone
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Anatomy & Physiology for Myomassologists
Endocrine System
Adrenal -
assists with metabolism during both normal AND
emergency situations
promotes in the maturing of the reproductive
system
helps establish the immune system
Pineal Thymus -
The Endocrine system can be related to the Eastern Chakra system,
correlating energy centers with organ location, and autonomic nervous
system plexus and functional aspects. Many Eastern healing traditions work
form this perspective.
Structures That Contain Endocrine Tissue:
Pancreas -
the Islets of Langherhans – insulin production
Ovaries -
produce estrogen & progesterone
Testes -
produce testosterone
Kidney -
calcium absorption
Stomach -
produce gastric juices
Small Intestine -
produce digestive enzymes
Placenta -
growth of off-spring
Effects of Massage on the Endocrine System –
 Increase blood circulation
 increase lymph circulation
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Anatomy & Physiology for Myomassologists
Endocrine System
Label the following endocrine glands on the diagram below:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
Thymus
Adrenal
Ovary
Pancreas
Teste
Pineal
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
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Anatomy & Physiology for Myomassologists
Endocrine System
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Growth Hormone (GH)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adreno-coricotropic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Lactogenic Hormone (PRL)
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Anti-diuretic Hormone
Oxytocin
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Growth Hormone
Also called somatotropin; stimulates most body cells to increase in size and divide.
Major target organs are bones and muscles.
Release can be inhibited by emotional deprivation, insomnia, high blood sugar, and
high blood fat levels.
Growth hormone disturbances are associated with chronic pain disorders such as
fibromyalgia.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
A tropic hormone that maintains thyroid health, controls the release of thyroid
hormones and produces TSH more often in responses to cold temperatures.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Promotes and maintains normal growth and development of the adrenal cortex, it
stimulates the release of glucocorticoids and androgens.
Stress, mild-to-moderate fevers, and hypoglycemia increase the amount of ACTH
secreted.
Glucocorticoids are known to suppress the immune system.
Follicle-stimulating Hormones
In both men and women, stimulates hormones related to the reproductive
organs/system.
Luteinizing Hormone
In women, causes ovulation and in men, stimulates the production and secretion of
testosterone.
Prolactin
Found in men and women, hormones combine in breast development, and are
involved in milk production.
Receptors in prolactin suggest immune system involvement.
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Anatomy & Physiology for Myomassologists
Endocrine System
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
Antidiuretic Hormone - also known as vasopressin.
Massage, Stress and Hormones
Stimulates kidneys to remove water from urine and release it into the bloodstream.
Release of ADH is stimulated by pain, anxiety, nicotine, tranquilizers, and low BP.
Release of ADH is inhibited by alcohol.
Massage and bodywork reduces the perception of pain and anxiety.
Oxytocin
Stimulates smooth muscle contraction, especially in the uterus.
Is released in great amounts prior to childbirth, stimulates milk letdown, and is
found in men to suggest bonding and to enhance parental behavior.
Massage, Stress and Adrenal Function
In a one hour massage, it is suggested that in the first 15 minutes to work using more
vigorous methods to use up catecholamines and then transition into a more soothing
method to enhance and support the relaxation response of the parasympathetic system
over the remaining 45 minutes.
As a general rule of thumb, for every 15 minutes of catecholamine-generated
sympathetic activity the body needs 45 minutes of parasympathetic balancing time.
In a healthy person, sympathetic activity account for 25% of daily actions followed
by 25% of parasympathetic activity and the remaining 50% a combo of the two.
It is proposed that today this rarely happens, and the body can’t keep up with life’s
demands which further leads to imbalances, and dysfunction.
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Anatomy & Physiology for Myomassologists
Endocrine System
Endocrine 1
Name: __________________________ Date: _____________
1. All cells are exposed to all hormones, working on a type of lock and key system
with__________ acting as the lock, cells are able to only respond to the hormones
that have the correct key.
A) target cells
B) receptors
C) hormone ducts
D) hormone sensors
2. The ________ gland regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sexual
behavior.
A) thyroid
B) pineal
C) hypothalamus
D) pancreas
3. Exocrine glands secrete into ______, which in turn are connected to a variety of
body functions.
A) capillaries
B) lymph vessels
C) ducts
D) veins
4.
A)
B)
C)
D)
Cells that have receptors for a particular hormone are known as:
hormone sensory ducts
target cells
direct cells
regulated cells
5. The _______ is a small oval gland at the base of the skull, nestled in the bony recess
called the sella turcica in the sphenoid bone.
A) pineal
B) hypothalamus
C) pituitary
D) pancreas
6.
A)
B)
C)
D)
____________ is/are considered to be the body's natural painkillers.
vasopressin
oxytocin
peptides
morphine
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Anatomy & Physiology for Myomassologists
Endocrine System
7. The hormone responsible for the contraction of the uterus during labor is known
as:
A) peptide
B) vasopressin
C) adrenaline
D) oxytocin
8. The butterfly-shaped gland located in the anterior aspect of the neck, inferior to
the larynx is known as:
A) pituitary
B) thyroid
C) pineal
D) testis
9. The hormone thought to be responsible for seasonal defective disorder is known
as:
A) oxytocin
B) serotonin
C) calcitonin
D) melatonin
10. The control of the hypothalamus over the pituitary is one example of regulation of
the endocrine system by the nervous system known as:
A) neuro-endocrine regulatory function
B) hypothalamic regulation
C) neuropathy
D) endoregulatory function
True or False
11. The main function of the endocrine system is to coordinate and regulate the
activities of the cells.
12. The difference between endocrine and exocrine glands is one secretes hormones
and the other absorbs them.
13. The levels of melatonin increase during the day and decrease during the night.
14. A decrease in the plasma level of glucose results in hypoglycemia.
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Anatomy & Physiology for Myomassologists
Endocrine System
Endocrine 2
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1. What are the male sex hormones?
a. Androgens
b. Oxytocin
c. Growth hormone
d. Testosterone
____
2. What is a glucocorticoid that is also known as hydrocortisone? (Levels of stress
often are measured by these levels.)
a. Insulin
b. Cortisol
c. Adrenaline
d. Triglycerides
____
3. A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream is which of
the following?
a. Exocrine gland
b. Apocrine gland
c. Endocrine gland
d. Epocrine gland
____
4. Which of the following peptide hormones work like morphine to suppress pain?
(They influence mood, producing a mild euphoric feeling such as seen in runner’s
high.)
a. Adrenaline
b. Catecholamines
c. Neurotransmitters
d. Endorphins
____
5. Which of the following is a gland (part of the endocrine system) that secretes
hormones through ducts directly into specific areas?
a. Exocrine gland
b. Endocrine gland
c. Eccrine gland
d. Sebaceous gland
____
6. What is the excessive release of a hormone called?
a. Hyposecretion
b. Hyperbolic
c. Hypersecretion
d. Prosecretion
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Anatomy & Physiology for Myomassologists
Endocrine System
____
7. What is the insufficient release of a hormone called?
a. Hypersecretion
b. Hypertonic
c. Hypotonic
d. Hyposecretion
____
8. A control mechanism that provides a stimulus to decrease a function, such as a fire
alarm, which causes a series of reactions that work to reduce the fire, is which of the
following?
a. Positive feedback system
b. Negative feedback system
c. Peripheral feedback loop
d. Central reflex arc
____
9. Endocrine functions are typically regulated by which of the following?
a. Negative feedback systems
b. Reflex arcs
c. Sensory receptors
d. Crossed extensor reflexes
____ 10. Which statement is most accurate?
a. Neurotransmitters travel long distances in the body before reaching target
cells.
b. Hormones are found in the bloodstream and act quickly on adjacent cells.
c. The endocrine system acts slowly and helps to sustain a response.
d. The nervous system acts quickly while using hormones to respond quickly.
____ 11. A family is concerned about their elderly father. Lately he has been lethargic and
less responsive on the phone. The man lives alone in a house that he purchased after
serving in the navy in World War II. He continues to care for himself. The family is
wondering if a weekly massage may be beneficial. What would be the appropriate
response to this question?
a. Yes, because people need various types of sensory stimulation including touch
for proper function of the hypothalamus
b. Yes, but once a month would be sufficient because there are no specific
outcome goals other than personal interaction
c. Yes, but the methods used during the massage to support endocrine function
are intense and require extensive adaptive capacity
d. Yes, because this man likely has posttraumatic stress disorder from military
experiences
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Anatomy & Physiology for Myomassologists
Endocrine System
____ 12. A new client has thin hair, slightly bulging eyes, and warm sweaty palms. This
cluster of symptoms has prompted the massage therapist to refer the client to the
physician for a diagnosis. What does the massage therapist suspect?
a. Diabetes
b. Hypothyroidism
c. Hyperthyroidism
d. Menopause
____ 13. A client has type 1 diabetes. Which of the following should the massage therapist
monitor for the client as part of the general massage application?
a. Bloat
b. Tissue changes in the feet
c. Bulging of the eyes
d. Edema of the extremities
____ 14. The pineal gland is involved in sleep cycles. If a client were to ask for a chakra
balance to support sleep, which of the following would be the location of this
chakra?
a. Root
b. Brow
c. Solar plexus
d. Heart
____ 15. A massage therapist has been getting less restorative sleep. He goes to bed and gets
up at the same time, so that does not seem to be the issue. Lately he has been reading
in bed and falling asleep with the light on. Which of the following would explain
why this could be the cause of the problem?
a. The light reduces serotonin secretion from the thalamus
b. The light stimulates melatonin production from the pancreas
c. The light increase blood levels of erythropoietin
d. The light interferes with melatonin function
____ 16. The chakra system is a mapping of energy centers with what correlation in Western
medical terms?
a. Nerve plexuses and endocrine gland functions
b. The pathology of the endocrine system
c. No recognizable anatomic relationship
d. None of the above
____ 17. Endocrine functions are typically regulated by which of the following?
a. Tissue hormones
b. Negative feedback systems
c. Positive feedback systems
d. Target cells
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Anatomy & Physiology for Myomassologists
Endocrine System
____ 18. Hormones exert their effect on which of the following?
a. Hypersecreting organs
b. Nervous system correlations
c. Target organs and cells at very low blood levels
d. Prostaglandins
____ 19. Which of the following is a characteristic of the hypothalamus?
a. Links the body-mind and nerve-endocrine function
b. Controlled mainly by the pituitary
c. Primarily controls calcium levels in the blood
d. Stimulated by the growth hormone
____ 20. What is the main source of trophic hormones?
a. Hypothalamus
b. Pituitary
c. Sella turcica
d. Pancreas
____ 21. What is hyperthyroidism?
a. Most commonly caused by poor nutrition
b. Overactive thyroid; most commonly caused by autoimmune dysfunction
c. A rare endocrine disorder
d. Rarely accompanied by a goiter
____ 22. The adrenal glands perform which of the following functions?
a. Secrete hormones that support parasympathetic activity
b. Prevent a recurrence of the excessive alarm response
c. Secret two catecholamines: epinephrine and norepinephrine
d. All of the above
____ 23. If a person's activities are 25% sympathetic, 25% parasympathetic, and 50% a
combination of both, the person is most likely which of the following?
a. Not dealing well with lifestyle demands
b. Having a healthy, well-balanced lifestyle
c. Not getting enough activity
d. Likely to suffer from catecholamine damage
____ 24. Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid; how is it often used?
a. As a measure for stress
b. To speed the healing of wounds
c. To increase cartilage and bone formation
d. To increase the inflammatory response
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Anatomy & Physiology for Myomassologists
Endocrine System
____ 25. Maintaining healthy, functioning adrenal glands seems to do which of the following?
a. Induce Cushing's syndrome in women
b. Be something the ancient sages warned against
c. Support a successful aging process
d. Speed the aging process
____ 26. What is the pineal gland?
a. The main gland responsible for inducing allergic and immune responses
b. A gland found in the abdomen that releases androgens
c. Involved in metabolism of most body cells
d. Light-sensitive and involved with regulating body rhythm patterns
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