Download Unit 3 `Atoms and the Periodic Table` Study Guide

Unit 3: Atoms and the Periodic Table
Study Guide
TEXTBOOK CHAPTER and SECTION REFERENCES:
Foundations of Physical Science with Earth and Space Science (the online text)
18.1 Atomic Structure
18.2 Comparing Atoms
18.3 The Periodic Table of Elements
Prentice Hall Science Explorer Physical Science
Chapter 1 “Introduction to Matter”
Chapter 3 “Atoms and the Periodic Table”
Chapter 4 “Chemical Bonds”
Chapter 5 “Chemical Reactions”
BIG IDEAS:
I. Electrons, protons, and neutrons are parts of the atom and have measurable
properties, including mass and charge
II. In the periodic table, elements are arranged in order of increasing number of
protons (the atomic number.) Vertical groups in the periodic table (families)
have similar properties due to the same outer electron structures.
III. Ions are charged atoms with an unequal number of protons and electrons.
IV. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons.
V. The number of protons determines an element.
VI. The characteristics of an element can be inferred by where it is found on
the Periodic Table.
GOALS:
Just as a map is used to guide you to a destination, use these sentences to guide you in
your study of this unit. Once you have learned the goal, color in the atom next to it.
1. Identify the location, relative mass, and charge for electrons, protons, and
neutrons.
2. Describe the atom as mostly empty space with an extremely small, dense nucleus
consisting of the protons and neutrons and an electron cloud surrounding the
nucleus.
3. List the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons for any given atom, ion, or
isotope.
4. Recognize that an element always contains the same number of protons.
5. Explain the role of valance electrons in forming chemical bonds.
Unit 3: Atoms and the Periodic Table Study Guide
1
R. Wright 2016
6. Draw Bohr models of elements
7. Memorize the chemical names and symbols for: H, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F,
Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ag, Sn, Au, Hg, Pb, U, and
Pu
8. Recognize that protons repel each other and that a strong force needs to be present
to keep the nucleus intact
9. Identify elements with similar chemical and physical properties using the
periodic table.
10. Draw and use electron dot diagrams.
11. Describe the organization of elements in the Periodic Table.
12. Describe chemical and physical properties of metals.
13. Identify and describe different kinds of metals.
14. Locate nonmetals and metalloids in the periodic table.
15. Compare the physical and chemical properties of nonmetals with those of metals.
16. Describe the properties of metalloids.
17. Predict if the bonding between two atoms of different elements will be primarily
ionic or covalent.
18. Name simple binary compounds using their formulae.
19. Predict the formula for binary compounds of main group elements.
20. When given a chemical equation, determine if the reaction is a synthesis,
decomposition, or replacement reaction.
21. Balance chemical equations.
VOCABULARY:
You should be able to correctly spell and properly use the following terms:
Unit 3: Atoms and the Periodic Table Study Guide
2
R. Wright 2016
Actinide – a group of elements in the second row of the rare earth elements in the
periodic table. Depending on the periodic table being used, it may or may not include
actinium (element 89.) The actinides always contain elements 90 – 103.
Alkali Metal – The alkali metals, found in group 1 of the periodic table (formerly known
as group IA), are very reactive metals that do not occur freely in nature. These metals
have only one electron in their outer shell
Alkaline Earth – an element in Group 2 of the periodic table. The alkaline earth metals
are high in the reactivity series of metals, but not as high as the alkali metals of Group 1
Alloy – a substance made of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal,
which has the properties of metal.
Atomic mass – the average mass of all the known isotopes of an element. The total
number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic mass unit – defined as the mass of 1/12 of a carbon-12 atom (6 protons and 6
neutrons in the nucleus plus 6 electrons outside the nucleus). The mass of 1 proton or 1
neutron
Atomic number – the number of protons that an atom contains.
Bohr Model – a simplified model of an atom and its electron energy levels.
Chemical Equation - the symbolic representation of a chemical reaction in the form of
symbols and formulae
Chemical Symbol – an abbreviation that represents the name of an element; used in
chemical formulas.
Conductor – an element through which electrons move freely, transmitting heat or
electricity.
Corrosion – gradual wearing away of a metal element due to a chemical reaction.
Covalent Bond – a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between
atoms.
Decomposition Reaction – a reaction in which a chemical substance is broken down into
simpler substances
Diatomic Molecule – a molecule made of two atoms. In many cases diatomic molecules
are made of 2 identical atoms.
Ductile – a term used to describe a material that can be pulled out into a long wire
Unit 3: Atoms and the Periodic Table Study Guide
3
R. Wright 2016
Electron – a subatomic particle in an atom that is negatively charged and that occupies
the energy levels in an atom; electrons are involved in chemical bonds and reactions.
Electron Dot Diagram – a representation of the number of valence electrons in an atom,
using dots placed around the symbol of an element. Also called Lewis Structures.
Energy level – a region around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are most likely to
be found; only a certain number of electrons can be found in each energy level of an
atom.
Family – see Group of Elements
Formula – a combination of symbols that shows the ratio of elements in a compound.
Group (of elements) – elements that exhibit similar chemical properties; arranged in
columns on the periodic table.
Halogen family – The elements in group 17 of the Periodic Table. All halogens are very
reactive and most are dangerous to humans.
Ion – an atom or group of atoms that is electrically charged.
Ionic Bond – a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between
oppositely charged ions,
Isotopes – forms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons and
different mass numbers.
Lanthanide – a group of elements in the first row of the rare earth elements in the
periodic table. Depending on the periodic table being used, it may or may not include
lanthanum (element 57.) The lanthanides always contain elements 58 – 70.
Lewis Structure – a representation of the number of valence electrons in an atom, using
dots placed around the symbol of an element. Also called an Electron Dot Diagram.
Magnetic – a characteristic of those metals that are attracted to magnets and can be made
into magnets.
Malleable – a term used to describe a material that can be pounded or rolled into shape.
Metalloid – an element that has some of the characteristics of metals and some of the
characteristics of nonmetals.
Neutron – an uncharged particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
Nobel Gas – an element in Group 18 of the Periodic Table. These elements are very
stable and non-reactive.
Unit 3: Atoms and the Periodic Table Study Guide
4
R. Wright 2016
Nonmetal – an element that lacks most of the properties of metals
Nucleus – the center core of an atom that contains protons and neutrons.
Period – a horizontal row of elements on the Periodic Table.
Periodic Table (of elements) – a table that visually organizes the similarities between all
known elements.
Products – the results of a chemical reaction
Proton – a subatomic particle identical with the nucleus of the hydrogen atom; found
with neutrons in all atomic nuclei; carries a positive charge.
Reactants – the starting materials for a reaction
Replacement Reaction – chemical reaction in which ions switch places in one
compound (single replacement) or in two compounds (double replacement).
Semiconductor – a substance that can conduct electricity under some conditions.
Symbol – usually 1 or 2 letter set of characters that is used to identify an element.
Synthesis Reaction – a kind of chemical reaction in which two or more reactants
combine to form a single product
Transition Metal – an element in Groups 3 – 12 of the Periodic Table.
Valence electrons – the electrons in an atom that are involved in the formation of
chemical bonds. They are the electrons in the outer most energy level.
Unit 3: Atoms and the Periodic Table Study Guide
5
R. Wright 2016