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Chapter 9: Muscular System (p. 285 – 354)
***This muscle packet jumps around Chapter 9 intentionally out of order ***
Chapter Objectives:
1. Name the major parts of a skeletal muscle fiber and describe the function of each
part.
2. Explain the major events that occur during skeletal muscle contraction.
3. Explain the role of energy in muscle contraction and relaxation.
4. Distinguish between fast and slow twitches and sustained contraction.
5. Explain how exercise affects muscles.
1) Aids to Understanding Words (p. 285)
(define, give an example and explain the example)
calatergfasc-gram
hyperinterisolatenmyoreticulsarcosyntetan-tonic
-troph
voluntar-
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2) Three Types of Muscles (p. 162-164)
a) What are the three types of muscles found in the human body?
b) Give examples of each:
c) What ones are voluntary and which ones are involuntary?
3) Naming Muscles (p. 307)
Muscles are typically named according to their location, size, action, shape, direction
and number of heads:
location: the brachioradialis/gluteus/pectoralis
size: minor/major
length: brevis/longus
action: flexor/extensor/adductor/abductor
shape: trapezius, rhomboid, deltoid
direction: transverse, oblique
Describe the following muscles:
a) pectoralis major
b) flexor digitorum
c) gluteus maximus
d) tricep brachii
e) latissimus dorsi
4) Skeletal Muscle Actions (p. 307)
Please explain the following terms/answer the questions:
a) What is the prime mover?
b) What is a synergist?
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c) What are antagonists?
d) Give an example (in your own words) of an agonist-antagonist muscle relationship.
5) Structure of a Skeletal Muscle (p. 286-290)
Connective tissue coverings (explain the following terms):
a) fasciab) tendonc) aponeurosisCompartment syndrome (green box, explain anatomy, cause and treatment):
6) Skeletal Muscle fibers (a muscle fiber = a muscle cell, p. 287):
Explain the following terms/answer the questions:
a) Why are skeletal muscle fibers multinucleated?
b) sarcolemma –
c) sarcoplasm –
d) What part of the cell did you learn about in biology class that sounds like
sarcoplasm?
e) myofibril –
f) myosin –
g) actin –
h) striations –
i) sarcomere –
j) I bands –
k) A bands –
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l) Z lines –
m) troponinn) tropomyosino) sarcoplasmic reticulum –
p) What part of the cell did you learn about in biology class that sounds like
sarcoplasmic reticulum?
q) transverse tubules –
r) What direction do you think transverse tubules run?
s) What organelle synthesizes myosin, actin, troponin, tropomyosin?
7) Sketch and label figure 9.2 skeletal muscle (p.288):
8) Sketch and label figure 9.4 (a & b, p. 289) muscle fiber, sarcomere and striations:
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9) Sketch and label figure 9.5b sarcomere (p. 289):
10) Skeletal Muscle Contraction (p. 290 - 297)
a) Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ, p. 290-292). Explain the following terms:
i) motor neuron –
ii) synapse –
iii) neurotransmitters –
iv) neuromuscular junction –
v) motor end plate (list 3 special features) –
vi) motor unit –
vii) synaptic cleft –
viii)synaptic vesicles –
ix) Where else have you heard the term vesicle before?
x) Sketch and label figure 9.8a neuromuscular junction (p. 291):
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b) Stimulus for Contraction (p. 291-292)
i) What is Acetylcholine (ACh)?
ii) Where is it made?
iii) Where is it stored?
iv) Where is ACh released into when a nerve impulse arrives?
v) How does ACh cross the _____________
_________? (fill in the blanks and
answer the question)
vi) What does ACh bind with?
vii) What is the result of this binding?
c) Sketch and label figure 9.7 sarcoplasmic & transverse tubule network (p. 290)
11) Sliding filament Model of Muscle Contraction (p. 294)
i) The “contraction of an entire skeletal muscle can be described in terms of the
_____________ of ____________ within its muscle fibers”
ii) What is the “Sliding Filament Model”?
iii) Do the thick and thin filaments get shorter?
iv) What is the name of the thick protein filament (p. 287)?
v) What is the name of the thin protein filaments (p. 287)?
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12) Sketch-up and label figure 9.11a (p. 294):
13) Summarize Muscle Contraction (Table 9.1, p. 295):
14) Summarize Muscle Relaxation (Table 9.1, p. 295):
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15) Muscular Responses (p. 298-301)
Please explain the following terms/answer the questions:
a) What is threshold stimulus?
b) What is a twitch?
c) What is the graph (such as the one below) which depicts the force of a muscle
contraction over time called?
d) What is the latent period?
e) Sketch and label the myogram in figure 9.15 (p. 298)
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f) What are two factors that affect the contraction of a muscle group, enabling you to
hold a cup of coffee?
g) Explain recruitment.
h) Sketch-out and explain:
i) A series of twitches
ii) Summation
iii) Tetany
16) Using the green box on p. 301, explain the difference between white meat (breast) and
dark meat (legs and thighs) found in turkeys. Use terms such as slow twitch and fast
twitch, myoglobin and mitochondria.
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17) Energy Sources for Contraction (p. 295-296)
Use Fig 9.12 (p. 296) to explain the relationship between ATP, ADP, P i (inorganic
phosphate), creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine), mitochondria, creatine phosphokinase:
Figure 9.12 (p. 296)
18) Oxygen Supply and Cellular Respiration (p. 296)
Label Fig 9.13 (p. 297):
Figure 9.13 (p. 297)
Using the text and Fig 9.13, explain and relate the following concepts:
glycolysis, anaerobic, aerobic, cellular respiration (glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, ETC),
hemoglobin, myoglobin
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19) Oxygen Debt (p. 296)
Using the text and Fig 9.14 (p. 297), explain how the following concepts interact (you
may have to refer to Chapter 4). Compare and contrast the aerobic (with oxygen) and
anaerobic (without oxygen) environments: glucose, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, liver, oxygen
debt.
20) Muscle Fatigue (p. 297)
a) Explain muscle fatigue:
b) List and explain some causes of muscle fatigue:
c) What is a cramp?
d) How do some athletes physiologically adapt to regular exercise?
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