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NERVOUS SYSTEM LAB PART I OBJECTIVES: 1. Locate and identify cells and cell structures (listed below) on microscope slides of nervous tissue. 2. Identify the major structures of neurons (listed below) on models. 3. Locate and identify the parts of the brain (listed below) on anatomical models. 4. Locate and identify the parts of the ventricle system (listed below) of the brain on anatomical models. 5. Identify the meninges and associated spaces of the brain and spinal cord on anatomical models. 6. Locate and identify the parts of the spinal cord (listed below) on anatomical models and diagrams. 7. Locate and identify the parts of the spinal cord (listed below) on microscope slides. MATERIALS: light microscopes microscope slides of nervous tissue human brain models brain ventricles models spinal cord models NERVOUS TISSUE: 1. Identify the cells and cell structures listed below on slides of nervous tissue. _____ neurons _____ neuroglia (noo-ROG-lē-a) (also called glia or supporting cells) (These cells assist neurons with their functions.) _____ cell bodies (also called somas) (The cell bodies serve as the neuron's control center and is responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses.) _____ axons/dendrites of neurons NEURON STRUCTURES: 1. Identify the major structures of neurons on models (structures listed below). _____ cell body _____ nucleus _____ chromatophilic bodies (also called Nissl bodies) (These are the free ribosomes and ribosomes bound on the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The ribosomes are involved in making proteins the neurons need.) _____ dendrites (DEN-drīt) (These are processes that branch off the cell body. They receive information and then conduct nerve impulses toward the cell body.) _____ axon (also called a nerve fiber)(AK-son) (This is a large process that branches off of the cell body. It transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body toward another cell.) _____ telodendria (also called axon terminals) (Most axons branch extensively. The ends of the axons are called axon terminals.) _____ synaptic knobs (This is the very end, slightly expanded end of an axon.) p. 1 of 6 Biol 2101 Human Anatomy _____ Schwann cells (also called neurolemmocytes) (These cells form the myelin sheath around PNS axons.) _____ myelin sheath (This is the insulating covering around the axon.) _____ neurilemma (This is the thin outer membrane of the Schwann cell.) _____ nodes of Ranvier (These are the gaps in the myelin sheath.) _____ axon hillock (HIL-lok) (This is a triangular region where the axon connects to the cell body. It does not have chromatophilic substances.) _____ synapses (These are the areas one neuron communicates with another neuron in a neural pathway.) _____ endoneurium (This is a delicate layer of areolar tissue with capillaries around each axon.) PARTS OF THE BRAIN: The adult brain has six major regions: 1) the cerebrum, 2) the diencephalon, 3) the midbrain, 4) the pons, 5) the medulla oblongata, and 6) the cerebellum. 1. Locate and identify the major parts of the brain (listed below) on anatomical models. _____ cerebrum (seh-REE-brum) (This is the large rounded portion of the brain. It includes the cerebral cortex, the nuclei, and the white matter. Functions: conscious thought, intellectual functions, memory, and area where complex involuntary motor patterns originate.) _____ diencephalon (DIE-ehn-SEF-ah-lahn) (This part of the brain includes the pineal gland, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus.) _____ midbrain (also called the mesencephalon) (This is the part of the brain between the pons and the diencephalon. Functions: Processes visual and auditory information and generates involuntary somatic motor responses.) _____ pons (pohns) (This is the part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and superior to the medulla. Functions: connects the cerebellum to the brain stem and is involved with somatic and visceral motor control. It also helps control breathing movements.) _____ medulla oblongata (meh-DOOL-la ob-long-GAH-ta) (This is the most inferior part of the brainstem. It is continuous with the superior part of the spinal cord. Functions: Relays sensory information from the spinal cord and brain stem to the cerebral cortex. It regulates autonomic functions such as heart rate and respiratory rate. It also controls vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing.) _____ cerebellum (ser-eh-BELL-um) (This part of the brain lies posterior to the medulla oblongata and pons. It is shaped like a butterfly and has 2 lobes that are connected medially. Functions: Smoothes and coordinates complex, skilled movements. It helps maintain equilibrium. It regulates posture and balance.) p. 2 of 6 Biol 2101 Human Anatomy 2. Each of the major parts of the brain has several other structures within it. Locate and identify these structures (listed below) on anatomical models. CEREBRUM: _____ right/left cerebral hemispheres (Sensory areas are involved in the perception of sensory information. Motor areas control muscular movement. Association areas deal with memory, personality traits, and intelligence. One area functions in emotional aspects of behavior related to survival.) _____ longitudinal fissure (This is a deep mid-saggital groove that separates the two cerebral hemispheres) _____ transverse fissure _____ lateral sulcus _____ central sulcus _____ parieto-occipital sulcus _____ precentral gyrus (This is the fold of cortex just anterior to the central sulcus) _____ postcentral gyrus (This is the fold of cortex just posterior to the central sulcus) _____ frontal lobe _____ pariental lobe _____ temporal lobe _____ occipital lobe _____ insula (This is a small lobe deep to the lateral sulcus. You can only see it by laterally reflecting the temporal lobe.) _____ cortex _____ cerebral nuclei (also called basal nuclei) (These are paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres, inferior t the floor of the lateral ventricle. You can only see these in a coronal section of the brain.) _____ corpus callosum (core-PUS kal-LOH-sum) (This is a bundle of axons linking centers in the left and right cerebral hemispheres.) _____ septum pellucidum _____ fornix (FOR-niks) (This is a thin tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus (an area of the brain involved with learning and memory) to other diencephalon limbic system structures.) _____ internal capsule (This is a group of axons in a tract passing to and from the cortex between the cerbral nuclei.) p. 3 of 6 Biol 2101 Human Anatomy DIENCEPHALON: _____ pineal gland (also called pineal body) (PIH nē-ahl OR PĪ-neahl) (This is a coneshaped gland located in the posterior portion of the roof of the diencephalon. Functions: secretes melatonin, promotes sleep, helps set the body’s biological clock and may be involved in mood and timing the onset of puberty.) _____ thalamus (THAL-ah-mus) (This is a large oval structure located on either side of the third ventricle. Functions: main relay center for almost all sensory input to the cerebral cortex.) _____ interthalamic adhesion (also called massa intermedia) _____ hypothalamus (high-poh-THAL-ah mus) (This is the floor of the diencephalon. Functions: It controls and integrates activities of the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland. It regulates emotional and behavioral patterns and circadian rhythms. It controls body temperature and regulates eating and drinking behavior. It helps maintain the waking state and establishes patterns of sleep. It produces hormones.) _____ infundibulum (in-fun-DIB-ū-lum) (This is a thin stalk that extends from the hypothalamus to attach to the pituitary gland) _____ pituitary gland (pih-TOO-ih-tare-ē) (This is an endocrine organ that sits in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone. It is connected to the hypothalamus.) _____ mammillary bodies (These are paired masses in the hypothalamus that processes sensations related to smelling. It also controls swallowing.) MIDBRAIN (Also called the mesencephalon): _____ corpora quadrigemina (These are 4 “bumps.” It is made up of the 2 superior colliculi and 2 inferior colliculi. The superior colliculi are reflex centers for certain visual activities. The inferior colliculi relay impulses from the receptors for hearing in the ear to the thalamus.) _____ superior colliculi (ko-LIK-yū-lī) (These help visually track moving objects and control reflexes such as turning the eyes and head in response to a visual stimulus.) _____ inferior colliculi (These control reflexive turning of the head and eyes in the direction of a sound.) _____ cerebral peduncles (PĒ-dung-kl) (These are motor tracts located on the anterolateral surfaces of the mesencephalon. Descending axon bundles of the pyramidal system project through the cerebral peduncles and carry voluntary motor commands.) _____ pons _____ middle cerebellar peduncles (These are transverse fibers that connect the pons to the cerebellum.) _____ medulla oblongata _____ pyramids p. 4 of 6 Biol 2101 Human Anatomy CEREBELLUM: _____ right/left cerebellar hemispheres _____ vermis (This is a narrow band of cortex along the midline of the cerebellum.) _____ cortex (This is the outer surface of the cerebellum. It occurs in folds called folia.) _____ arbor vitae (AR-bōr VĪ-tē) (This is the white matter of the cerebellum. It is called this because its distribution pattern resembles the branches of a tree.) VENTRICLES SYSTEM OF THE BRAIN: 1. Locate and identify the parts of the ventricle system (listed below) of the brain on anatomical models. _____ lateral ventricles (VEN-trih-kuhls) (These are found in the cerebral hemispheres. They are Cshaped.) _____ interventricular foramen (This is an opening between the lateral ventricles.) _____ third ventricle (This ventricle is located between the cerebral hemispheres in the diencepalon, around the thalamus.) _____ mesencephalic aqueduct (also called cerebral aqueduct) (This a slender canal that connects the third ventricle with the fourth ventricle.) _____ fourth ventricle (This ventricle is located between the pons and cerebellum.) _____ median aperature (This is an opening in the roof of the fourth ventricle that allows the CSF to flow into the subarachnoid space.) _____ lateral aperatures (These are paired openings in the roof of the fourth ventricle that allow the CSF to flow into the subarachnoid space.) _____ choroid plexuses (KO-royd PLEK-sus) (This is a layer of ependymal cells and the capillaries that lie within the pia mater. This is where cerebrospinal fluid is made.) MENINGES OF THE BRAIN: 1. Identify the meninges of the brain. _____ periosteal layer of dura mater (This is the tough, fibrous, outermost covering.) _____ meningeal layer of dura mater (This is the tough, fibrous, outermost covering.) _____ arachnoid (This is the middle layer.) _____ pia mater (This is the innermost layer). _____ tentorium cerebelli (ten-TŌ-rē-um ser-e-bel-ī) (This is a horizontally oriented fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum.) _____ falx cerebri (falks sē-RĒ-bri) (This is a large, sickle-shaped vertical fold of dura mater, located in the midsagittal plane. It projects into the longitudinal fissure between the left and right cerebral hemispheres.) p. 5 of 6 Biol 2101 Human Anatomy PARTS OF THE SPINAL CORD: 1. Locate and identify the major parts of the spinal cord (listed below) on anatomical models and diagrams. _____ anterior gray horns (These contain somatic motor nuclei, which provide nerve impulses for contraction of skeletal muscles.) _____ lateral gray horns (These contain autonomic motor nuclei that regulate the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.) _____ posterior gray horns (These contain somatic and autonomic sensory nuclei.) _____ anterior white funiculi (These contain bundles of axons.) _____ lateral white funiculi (These contain bundles of axons.) _____ posterior white funiculi (These contain bundles of axons.) _____ central canal _____ gray commissure _____ white commissure _____ anterior median fissure _____ posterior median sulcus _____ dura mater _____ arachnoid _____ pia mater _____ subarachnoid space _____ epidural space (This is a space “above” the dura mater. It is filled with adipose tissue and blood vessels.) 2. Locate and identify the parts of a spinal cord (listed below) on the microscope slides. _____ anterior gray horn _____ lateral gray horn _____ posterior gray horn _____ anterior white column _____ lateral white column _____ posterior white column _____ central canal p. 6 of 6 Biol 2101 Human Anatomy