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Roman Republic Expansion, 396-146 BC Libertyville HS Roman Republic Army • Who were the soldiers who unified Italy and defeated the Carthaginians in the Punic Wars? – Landowners – Provided own equipment – Primarily infantry – Cavalry played supporting role – Citizens were on call for up to 16 (during PW, 20) years of service Republic Legion Tactics • Troops were citizen-soldiers, not professionals • Did not use complicated maneuvers • Fought in three lines – velites (poor people) in front to skirmish – Hastati in first line (sword and pilum) – principes (veteran) second line (armed as hastati) – triarii (elite spearmen) in third line, as defensive last line of defense • Aim was to tire enemy out with hastati, then use principes to strike decisive blow, w/ triarii in reserve Roman soldiers: a hastatus (L front), a triarius (R front), and a velite (back) Conquering Central / North Italy (396-282 BC) • Romans first expanded eastward, to Adriatic Coast • Romans then expanded north, conquering Etruscan city-states • Genius of Romans – Rather than enslaving conquered populations, Romans turned them into allies and tributaries – Their allies gave money, soldiers to help Rome fight and conquer more! • Romans also established colonies to claim land Fighting the Greeks (280-275 BC) • By 310, Rome controlled all of Italy except the “heel” which was dominated by Greek city state colonies – By 290 BC, most of these city states had asked for “protection” from Rome – This provoked war with Greece • Consolidation of Southern Italy – Five year war with Pyrrhus, a Greek king – Greeks used Macedonian phalanx, which the Romans had never seen – Romans lost battles but won the war Punic Wars (264-146 BC) • By 265 BC, Rome controlled Italy and central Mediterranean • Brought them into conflict with Carthage – Carthage was a Phoenician colony, in North Africa – They dominated the Western Med, Spain • Series of wars fought for control of Mediterranean • Defined the Romans, like the Persian Wars defined the Greeks – Territories held by Rome, Carthage Cause of First Punic War (264-241 BC) • Sicily was divided between Carthage and Greeks (Syracuse) • Carthage invaded Greek side of island • Greeks asked Romans for help • Inevitable conflict? First Punic War Corvus • Romans won land battles but had no navy • Developed navy to fight on sea, based on shipwrecked Carthaginian ship • Tactics: turn naval battles into land battles through corvus Outcome of First Punic War • Romans lost 50,000 citizens (1/6) to lost fleets, military defeats (mostly drownings) • Carthage suffered strategic defeat – Forced off Sicily – Forced to pay reparations (penalties) to Rome – Forced to free all Roman prisoners captured in battles Cause of Second Punic War (218201 BC) • Continued power struggle for supremacy in Mediterranean • Rome expanded through north of Italy and cleared Adriatic Sea of pirates •Carthage expanded its holdings in Spain • Alarmed, a Greek city in Spain allied with Rome for protection Second Punic War • Hannibal, a great Carthaginian general, defeats Romans in Spain, then crossed Alps with Army and invaded Rome • For ten years, he defeated every Roman army he fought – but he can’t take Rome • Rome barely survived this period • Finally Hannibal retreated to Carthage, and was beaten at the Battle of Zama (202 BC) Battle of Cannae (216 BC) Outcome of Second Punic War • Carthage forced to give up all of Spain, all islands in Mediterranean • Numidia (African kingdom) became ally of Rome; Rome invades and conquers Macedonia in retaliation for allying with Carthage • Carthage to pay tribute to Rome for 50 years • Carthage agreed never to wage war without consent of Rome Hannibal takes poison after capture Cause of Third Punic War (149-146 BC) • Carthage recovered from war, trade and commerce resumes, and Carthage got rich again • Roman Senator Cato ended every speech by saying “Carthage must be destroyed” • Rome ordered Carthage to give up all its weapons • Rome then orders them to move out of Carthage as it is fortified • Rome provoked war to destroy Carthage Third Punic War • 146 BC – Carthage besieged • Citizens fight building by building, block by block, defending their city against Romans • Romans conquer city – destroy city brick by brick – enslave entire population – Sow salt in ground so nothing would grow – Make North Africa a province Legacy of the Punic Wars • Rome was supreme power in Mediterranean • Maintained overseas possessions in Spain, North Africa, Corsica, Sicily, Balearic Islands