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Waves and Tsunami Waves are generally generated from winds in the open ocean. Size of the wave depends on the: Wind speed Duration of the wind Area over which the wind blows (called the “fetch”) Wave Anatomy Wavelength Amplitude Height Period Steepness Wave speed depends on the wavelength, longer waves travel faster Consequently, they tend to sort themselves out into trains of similar wavelength waves: SWELL Water molecules move in a circular pattern in the wave in smaller and smaller concentric circles with depth. DEEP water waves have water motion down to about ½ the wavelength SHALLOW water waves are those in which the wavelength is 1/20 the depth. Steepness = height/length. Waves get steeper as they “feel” the bottom of the ocean, top continues to move forward, base is caught up in the frictional resistance of the bottom, and eventually they “break” Spilling breakers (flatest bottom) Surging breakers (steepest bottom) Plunging breakers Waves distribute their energy as they interact with the surroundings: REFLECTION REFRACTION DIFFRACTION Tsunami: seismic sea wave formed from underwater earthquake moving the seafloor and disrupting the water above Very long wavelength (100s km) and small height in the open ocean Travel fast (about 500 mi per hour) Pacific Ocean is the most common place for them to originate Huge sediment influx onto the land Huge energy knocking things over Hawaii: Local and “foreign” tsunami 1946, 1960 foreign, 1975 Kalapana local EQ.