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Chapter 1: The Legacy of Greek
and Roman Democracy on the
West
Essential Question # 1
How did philosophy
influence
politics/government and
society in Athens and
Sparta?
-Key Chap 1 vocabulary
(for quiz): polis, (direct)
democracy, oligarchy,
republic, aristocracy,
tyranny, monarchy,
natural laws.
Parthenon, Athens, Greece
• The Parthenon is a temple that
towers above the city of Athens,
symbolizing the Athenians' wealth
and power. It also served as a
refuge for the people in time of
attack.
• The temple is dedicated to Athena
Parthenos, a Greek goddess and
the city-symbol of Athens. She is
the goddess of wisdom and war.
This temple served as a monument
to Athena because they believed
that she helped the Greeks conquer
the Persian Empire in the Persian
Wars.
Assignment (use your textbook)
Due: Wed.
1. Use the graphic organizer and
pages 136-138 to
compare/contrast the political
systems of Athens and Sparta.
2. Which system do you think was
more effective? Why ?
Some Key Vocabulary from
Chapter 1 and Examples
polis, (direct) democracy, oligarchy, republic,
aristocracy, tyranny, monarchy, natural laws.
1. Polis
• began as little more than agricultural villages
or towns, but became individual “political
units”.
• Were much more than city-states; the poleis
were “communities of all relatives” as people
worshiped gods in common ceremonies.
• Aristotle argued that the polis was a natural
growth and that human beings, if rational, are
“animals that would gravitate toward living in
poleis”.
2. Democracy
• Definition - government by the people or rule
by many (pg. 136)
• Geo: Ancient Greece
• Key people: Cleisthenes, Pericles, Plato and
Aristotle. Key places: Athens
• EXT: Tyranny brought an end to the rule of
Greek aristocrats allowing for democracy to
develop and ultimately influence us today’s.
Note: Greek tyrants, were rulers who seized power by force
and were not subject to the law
3. Oligarchy
• Government by a few (pg. 136)
• Geo: Sparta – Ancient Greece
• EXT:Sparta had an oligarchy, only a small
group of older men had great power. The
oligarchy focused on the Spartan ideal,
war.
4. direct democracy
Government where citizens participate directly in
decision making (pg. 138)
Geo – Athens – Ancient Greece
EXT:Athens is the best symbol for our ideal of Greek
democracy; legislation was debated openly and then
all male citizens voted. Athenian government was
limited however, only the free male population
could participate, yet the decisions affected all in the
polis.
Cornell Notes: Chapter 1
(textbook sections 2-4)
Title your Cornell notes:
“The Legacy of Greek and Roman
Democracy on the West”
I. Greek Life
I. 750 B.C.- The polis was the city-state of ancient
Greece. It was the center for Greek life.
II. Greek community was composed of:
A. citizens (free adult males were granted
political rights)
B. women and children (without political rights)
C. non-citizens (slaves/ aliens without political
rights)
III. Tyrants forced citizens towards two forms of
government:
A. DEMOCRACY- government for the people by
the people.
B. OLIGARCHIES rule by few, rule by the rich.
Polis
• Ruins of the Athens Acropolis, image is from the
1920s. (Acro = top and Polis = city)
II. Sparta
I.
Sparta- was a polis that centered around the
military and war. The word spartan means highly
self-disciplined.
II. Oligarchy of two kings, led the military
A. Five citizens were elected each year to supervise
the polis
B. Council of elders who only
voted on issues
III. Athens
I. 508 B.C.- Cleisthenes-regarded as the founder of Athenian
DEMOCRACY (DIRECT DEMOCRACY)
A. Created the Council of 500, the members came from local
districts and were elected by male citizens
B. 6,000 men attended meetings every 10 days and openly
debated legislation, elect officials and pass laws!
II. Council of 500:
1. Controlled Foreign Policy
2. Oversee the Treasury
3. Propose Laws
SET THE STAGE FOR MODERN DEMOCRACY
III. 461 - 429 B.C. - Age of Pericles
A. Pericles pays salaries to allow more citizens to serve in
public office, allows poorer citizens to participate
B. Athens becomes the center of Greek culture
IV. Greek Philosophers
Greek Philosophers- lovers of wisdom- based their philosophy on the
following assumptions:
1.
2.
A.
The universe is put together in an orderly way and is subject to
absolute and unchanging laws
People can understand these laws through logic and reason
Socrates- developed the Socratic Method: method of
questioning leading people to their own truth for knowledge is
in each of us, we just need to call it forth, as, “the unexamined
life is not worth living”.
Plato,Aristotle
B. Plato- Socrates’ studentconsidered the Greatest Western
Philosopher
1. Explains his vision of a
perfectly governed society in
The Republic
2. Ideal state had rulers, warriors
and commoners who should be
led by PHILOSOPHER
KINGS!
C. Aristotle- Plato’s student
1. In his Politics, he studied 158
constitutions from other states
2. Decide the best forms of government
were monarchy, aristocracy and
constitutional government, he favored the
constitutional governments
V. The Romans
V. THE ROMANS
A. Early Roman State was divided into two
1. Patricians- land owning ruling class
a. Could vote AND hold office
2. Plebeians- less wealthy landholders, merchants and
farmers
a. Could vote but NOT hold office
B. 509 B.C. - Last king was overthrown and a republic
established with a senate and assembly
1. The Senate- 300 Patricians who served for life made
up the Senate
2. Centuriate Assembly: passed laws, organized classes
based on wealth (wealthiest were the majority)
Romans continued . . .
C. All citizens: Equal under the law
D. 450 B.C. - The Twelve Tables- 1st written
Roman law- applied to all Roman citizens.
VI. Influence of Roman Empire
A. Pax Romana: 27 B. C. - 180 A. D. literally
means, “Roman Peace”
1. Followers of a Jewish holy man, Jesus,
founded a new religion
called Christianity.
VII. Christianity
A.Jesus and the spread of Christianity
1. Jesus teaches the GOLDEN RULE, love of
God, humility, love and charity
2. Appeals to the individual, regardless of
wealth or status- all can achieve
salvation- all can have personal
relationship with God
Christian, cont’d.
B. Christian ideas:
1. God is put above Roman law!!
2. Ten Commandments, written code
– rulers are subject to these laws
too
a. The Commandments
strengthened social conscience,
which has become a part of
Western tradition
Christianity, Cont’d
• C. Christianity gains
popularity and becomes
the official Roman
religion under Emperor
Constantine
• D. Christian laws heavily
influenced Roman law
and democracy.