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What is the reason most historians cite as the cause of the Agricultural Revolution? • Empire; a state formed through conquest and maintained through the extraction of resources from conquered states and peoples. • All classical empires were powerful states capable of coercing resources from subjects. • Founded (539 B.C.E.) by Cyrus the Great. • Allowed Jews to return home (Babylonian exile). • Conquered lands from the Aegean Sea (west of Turkey) to the borders of India. • Succeeded by son Cambyses, who conquered Egypt and parts of southeast Europe. • Known as the Achaemenid Empire. • The size of the United States. • Included more than 70 distinct ethnic groups. • Persian allowed local government to be run by lower-level officials drawn from local authorities. • Empire was also divided into twenty provinces. • Created a new position, satrap, a ruler of a province who was responsible to the emperor, not to local leaders. • Inspectors, called “The Eyes and Ears of the King,” traveled to each province and reported to the king on the behavior of the satraps. • Darius instituted regular tax payments. • Persepolis featured an impressive royal palace. • The Royal Road, famous network of roads built to encourage trade. • A courier service with postal stations along this road. • Caravanserai, combination inns and markets for people traveling the Royal Road by camel caravan. • Underground canals (Qanat) for water distribution and irrigation. • Did not try to enforce religious and cultural uniformity. • Respect and tolerate for nonPersian traditions. • Xerxes (519-465 B.C.E.), built a “Gate of All Nations.” • Entrance to Persepolis showing honor to all subjects. • Tolerance policy made the Persians unlike other empires of the time. • Persian prophet Zarathustra (c. 660583 B.C.E.) began new faith, Zoroastrianism. • Based on belief in only one god, Ahura Mazda, or the “wise lord” who is in a cosmic struggle with a god of darkness, Angra Mainyu. • Concept of heaven and hell. • “Magi” = Priest. • “Avestas,” sacred text. • Teachings may have shaped development of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, reflected in its concepts of heaven and hell. • social stratification. • But had a larger Priest class of educated, well-paid Aristocracy government Military High honor; provided with special workers benefits King & Royal Family Traders Businesspersons who trade in commodities throughout the empire. Craftsmen Manuel workers with specialized skills. Peasants Peasants Farmers, either laborers or owners of small farms. • Patriarchal society Rights of Women: • Free to choose their spouse. • Represent husband in court. • Owned property. • Could work and earned wages. • Not much slavery. Forbidden by Zoroastrianism. • Persians and Greeks were both expansive civilizations, leading to the Persian Wars. • Battle of Marathon, outnumbered Athenian army defeated the Persian (490 B.C.E.). • Persians defeat 300 Spartans at Battle of Thermopylae (486 B.C.E.). • Persians captured and burned Athens. • Greek alliance won naval victory at Battle of Salamis. • A consequence of the GrecoPersian Wars was the development of the notion of an East/West divide. • Athens’ leadership during the GrecoPersian Wars launched her on a path to dominance over other city-states. • Formed the Delian League. • In fear, Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League. • Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.E.), Sparta defeated Athens. • Peloponnesian War left Greece weakened. • Macedonia (a region on the northern edge of the Greek world) led by Phillip II conquered and unite the Greek city-states. • His son, Alexander, began the conquest of Persia earning him the title “Alexander The Great.” • Picking native residents to help rule. • Married several Persian women and urging his leading generals to do the same. • Founded the city of Alexandria (Egypt), which became a center of Hellenistic culture and a major seaport. • Ptolemy Dynasty built; 1. Library of Alexandria, the largest library of the ancient world 2. Alexandria museum, a place where scholars did research. • Alexander's conquest led to a Hellenistic era, where Greek culture throughout most of the ancient world. • Cities, founded by Alexander, became the main avenue for the spread of Greek culture in his empire. • Greek influence can be seen in Buddhist art in South Asia. • Artists began to portray the Buddha in human in Greek clothing. • Greek Indian • Alexander’s death led to chaos (323 B.C.E.). • Instead of one powerful empire, the Greek-influenced lands became divided into several kingdoms. That concludes The Persian Empire. Any questions before the quiz on the next slide?