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Transcript
Inside The Earth Unit Outline EARTH’S INTERIOR EQ1: How do geologists study the Earth’s interior? direct evidence – rock samples, evidence – seismic waves produced from earthquakes indirect EQ2: What are the characteristics of each layer of Earth? Crust - Ocean floor is made mostly of Basalt and the Continental crust is made mostly of Granite Mantle –hot, soft solid (like taffy). The upper part of the mantle is the lithosphere and connects to the crust. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere. Core – made of nickel and iron. The core is divided into two parts – outer core which is liquid and inner core which is solid due to intense pressure. EQ3: What causes convection currents in the mantle? Heat from the core is powering the convection currents. The mantle that is close to the core heats up and rises, mantle that is away cools down and sinks. This just keeps happening to create a current. Seismic waves – vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy released during an earthquake Lithosphere – a rigid layer made up of uppermost part of the mantle and the crust Asthenosphere – the soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats Convection – the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a fluid Convection current – the movement of a fluid, caused by differences in temperature, that transfer heat from one part of the fluid to another DRIFTING CONTINENTS & SEA-FLOOR SPREADING EQ4: What evidence supports continental drift? - Land features on multiple continents match-up (mountains, coal beds) - Fossils that were unable to fly or swim are found in the same area (if the continents are pieced together) - Fossils of tropical plants were found in cold areas which means that areas once had to have been closer to the equator in order for the plant to have grown. EQ5: What evidence supports sea-floor spreading? Along the mid-ocean ridge, molten material is coming to Earth’s surface. Rock samples have proven that the newest rock is found at the mid-ocean ridge and the rocks get older as you move further from the ridge. EQ6: What happens at deep-ocean trenches? Subduction occurs at deep-ocean trenches. This is where the sea floor goes back into the mantle. Continental drift – the hypothesis that the continents slowly move across Earth’s surface Pangaea – the name of the single landmass that broke apart 200 million years ago and gave rise to today’s continents Fossil – a trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock Mid-ocean ridge – an undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced Sea-floor spreading – the process by which molten material adds new oceanic crust to the ocean floor Deep-ocean trench – a deep valley along the ocean floor beneath which oceanic crust slowly sinks toward the mantle PLATE TECTONICS EQ7: What is the theory of plate tectonics? Theory that pieces of Earth’s lithosphere are in constant slow motion driven by convection currents in the mantle. EQ8: How do the 3 types of plate boundaries move and what major events do they cause? Plate - a section of the lithosphere that slowly moves over the asthenosphere, carrying pieces of continental and oceanic crust Scientific theory – a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations