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Evolution Test Review (Chapters 16, 17, 19) NOT A COMPREHENSIVE LIST…Study notes, textbook, lab, online resources! 1. 2. 3. Question 10% of a population are blue-eyed (a recessive trait). Use the H-W law to determine what percent of the population is heterozygous for not having blue eyes. How old is the Earth? 4. If 90% of a population has a widow’s peak (dominant), what percentage of the population will show the recessive trait? What percentage will be homozygous recessive for the trait? Were the first organisms aerobic or anaerobic? 5. What scientists influenced Darwin’s theory of evolution? 6. What are 2 pieces of evidence for evolution? 7. What are the three modes of selection? 8. What are two examples of genetic drift? 9. What contribution did the photosynthetic organisms make to the Earth’s atmosphere? 10. What five conditions must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? 11. What incorrect ideas did Lamarck have about evolution? 12. What is the definition of natural selection? 13. What is the term that describes the formation of a new species? 14. What organic molecules did Miller and Urey produce in their equipment? 15. What term describes the characteristics or behaviors that enable an organism to survive better and reproduce more in its environment? 16. What theory of speciation says that evolutionary change has long stable periods interrupted by brief periods of change? 17. What theory of speciation says that evolutionary change is slow and steady? 18. What factors can lead to reproductive isolation? 19. What was the most famous place Darwin visited? 20. When one species gives rise to several species, which type of speciation is this? 21. Which mode of selection did the peppered moths in England exhibit? 22. Which mode of selection selects FOR individuals with the average form of the trait? 23. When was oxygen first introduced into the atmosphere? 24. When did eukaryotes first appear on Earth? Answer 25. What is the difference between relative and radiometric dating? 26. Where are most fossils located? 27. What is the result of an extinction event? What happens next? 28. What type of macroevolution will result in one species giving rise to many different species in many different areas? 29. What type of macroevolution results in different organisms in different areas having natural selection work on them in similar ways? 30. What internal cell structures support the endosymbiont theory? 31. What was Lyell’s contribution to Darwin’s theory? HELP! I hate Hardy-Weinberg…. NO YOU DON’T…it just a little harder topic and takes time to master. If you are having trouble with H-W, follow the example below and then try it yourself. STEP Determine the q2 value…remember you are looking at INDIVIDUALS here, not alleles. HARDEST STEP!! Be careful not to make the common mistake of thinking you are finding Q when you are really finding Q2!!! 2. Take the square root to determine q. 1. 3. Use the q value to find p. 4. Check…do p and q equal 1 (or 100%)? Use these values to find: HOMOZYGOUS DOM individuals HETEROZYGOUS individuals 5. HOMOZYGOUS REC individuals EXAMPLE Within a population of butterflies, the color brown (B) is dominant over the color white (b). And, 40% of all butterflies are white. Given this simple information, which is something that is very likely to be on an exam, calculate the following: YOU TRY THIS ONE A rather large population of Biology instructors have 396 red-sided individuals and 557 tan-sided individuals. Assume that red is totally recessive. THIS ONE IS A LITTLE HARDER…FIGURE OUT THE PERCENTAGE OF RECESSIVE INDVIDUALS FIRST…HINT: first find the total number of individuals in the population!! q2 is the number of INDIVIDUALS who are homo rec…in this case 40% of the population is showing the recessive trait, so they MUST be homo rec…therefore q2 must be 40% which equals 0.4 The square root of 0.4 is 0.63, so q must = 0.63…this means 63% of the alleles in the gene pool are recessive! p + q must equal 1, so 1 – 0.63 = p…this means p = 0.37…this means that 37% of the alleles are dominant! 0.63 = 0.37 = 1, so we are good to go! Homo dom are represented by p2 so we must take 0.37 x 0.37 which equals 0.14…14% of the population is homo dom Hetero are represented by 2pq, so we must take (2)(0.37)(0.63), which is 0.47…47% of the population is heterozygous Homo doms are represented by q2 so 0.63 X 0.63 which equals 0.4, so 40% of the population is homo rec…that checks out with the info given at the start Try more Hardy-Weinberg problems at www.biologybinder.com Click on “PRINTABLES” and scroll down to the 9th bullet under Printable Worksheets…there are two practice worksheets with answers provided!!! Evolution Test Review (Chapters 16, 17, 19) 1. 2. Question 10% of a population are blue-eyed (a recessive trait). Use the H-W law to determine what percent of the population is heterozygous for not having blue eyes. How old is the Earth? Answer q = 0.3, p = 0.7 heteros = 2pq = 2(0.7)(0.3) = 0.42 42% are hetero and do not have blue eyes 4.6 billion years old 10% are homozygous recessive = q2 4. If 90% of a population has a widow’s peak (dominant), what percentage of the population will show the recessive trait? What percentage will be homozygous recessive for the trait? Were the first organisms aerobic or anaerobic? 5. What scientists influenced Darwin’s theory of evolution? Lamarck, Lyell, Malthus, Wallace 6. What are 2 pieces of evidence for evolution? Fossil, embryology, body structure, DNA 7. What are the three modes of selection? Stabilizing, directional, disruptive 8. What are two examples of genetic drift? Bottleneck effect, founder effect 3. 9. What contribution did the photosynthetic organisms make to the Earth’s atmosphere? 10. What five conditions must be met for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? 11. What incorrect ideas did Lamarck have about evolution? 12. What is the definition of natural selection? 13. What is the term that describes the formation of a new species? 14. What organic molecules did Miller and Urey produce in their equipment? 15. What term describes the characteristics or behaviors that enable an organism to survive better and reproduce more in its environment? 16. What theory of speciation says that evolutionary change has long stable periods interrupted by brief periods of change? 17. What theory of speciation says that evolutionary change is slow and steady? 18. What factors can lead to reproductive isolation? q = 0.3, p = 0.7; heteros = 2pq Anaerobic (no O2 on the planet yet!) Released O2…allowed for aerobic organisms to arise AND gave us ozone No mutations, large populations, random mating, no migration, no natural selection Use and disuse, inheritance of acquired traits, desire to change Nature selects the best individuals for an environment to survive and reproduce Speciation Amino acids and other organic materials Adaptations Punctuated equilibrium Gradualism behavioral, geographical, temporal isolation 19. What was the most famous place Darwin visited? Galapagos Islands 20. When one species gives rise to several species, which type of speciation is this? 21. Which mode of selection did the peppered moths in England exhibit? 22. Which mode of selection selects FOR individuals with the average form of the trait? 23. When was oxygen first introduced into the atmosphere? Adaptive radiation 24. When did eukaryotes first appear on Earth? 1.4-1.2 billion years ago 25. What is the difference between relative and radiometric Relative dating uses the position of fossils in Directional (nature selected light moths pre IR, dark moths post IR) Stabilizing 2.2 billion years ago dating? 26. Where are most fossils located? 27. What is the result of an extinction event? What happens next? 28. What type of macroevolution will result in one species giving rise to many different species in many different areas? 29. What type of macroevolution results in different organisms in different areas having natural selection work on them in similar ways? 30. What internal cell structures support the endosymbiont theory? 31. What was Lyell’s contribution to Darwin’s theory? the strata of rock layers to determine the age of fossils relative to the other layers Radiometric dating dates a fossil with an absolute date by measuring the proportion of radioactive isotopes to stable isotopes In sedimentary rock A species is completely wiped out It can lead to an eventual increase in biodiversity as those species that are left tend to fill occupied nickes Adaptive radiation Convergent evolution Mitochondria and chloroplasts having their own DNA and being able to replicate on their own Hypothesized that the Earth was MUCH older than people thought HELP! I hate Hardy-Weinberg…. NO YOU DON’T…it just a little harder topic and takes time to master. If you are having trouble with H-W, follow the example below and then try it yourself. STEP EXAMPLE YOU TRY THIS ONE Within a population of butterflies, the A rather large population of Biology color brown (B) is dominant over the instructors have 396 red-sided color white (b). And, 40% of all individuals and 557 tan-sided butterflies are white. Given this simple individuals. Assume that red is totally information, which is something that is recessive. very likely to be on an exam, calculate THIS ONE IS A LITTLE the following: HARDER…FIGURE OUT THE PERCENTAGE OF RECESSIVE INDVIDUALS FIRST…HINT: first find the total number of individuals in the population!! 6. Determine the q2 value…remember q2 is the number of INDIVIDUALS who you are looking at INDIVIDUALS are homo rec…in this case 40% of the here, not alleles. population is showing the recessive HARDEST STEP!! Be careful not to trait, so they MUST be homo 0.42 make the common mistake of thinking rec…therefore q2 must be 40% which you are finding Q when you are really equals 0.4 finding Q2!!! 7. Take the square root to determine The square root of 0.4 is 0.63, so q q. must = 0.63…this means 63% of the 0.65 alleles in the gene pool are recessive! 8. Use the q value to find p. p + q must equal 1, so 1 – 0.63 = p…this means p = 0.37…this means that 37% of 0.35 the alleles are dominant! 9. Check…do p and q equal 1 (or 0.63 = 0.37 = 1, so we are good to go! Yes 100%)? 10. Use these values to find: Homo dom are represented by p2 so we HOMOZYGOUS DOM must take 0.37 x 0.37 which equals 0.12 = 12% individuals 0.14…14% of the population is homo dom HETEROZYGOUS individuals Hetero are represented by 2pq, so we must take (2)(0.37)(0.63), which is 0.46 = 46% 0.47…47% of the population is HOMOZYGOUS REC individuals heterozygous Homo doms are represented by q2 so 0.63 X 0.63 which equals 0.4, so 40% of the population is homo rec…that checks out with the info given at the start 0.42 = 42% Try more Hardy-Weinberg problems at www.biologybinder.com Click on “PRINTABLES” and scroll down to the 9th bullet under Printable Worksheets…there are two practice worksheets with answers provided!!!