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CHAPTER 2
THE CHEMICAL LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
Basic chemistry affects anatomy and physiology of the cells, tissues, organs and organ
systems that make up the human body.
I.
ATOMS AND MOLECULES
A. The structure of an atom
1. matter
2. elements
3. atomic structure
4. subatomic particles
5. atomic number
6. isotopes
7. electrons and electron shells
THE NUMBER AND ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRONS IN
AN ATOM’S OUTER SHELL DETERMINE THE CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF THAT ELEMENT
B. Chemical bonds and chemical compounds
1. molecule
2. compound
3. ionic bonds
4. covalent bonds
a. polar covalent bonds
5. hydrogen bonds
II.
CHEMICAL NOTATION
A. See table 2 – 3
III.
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
- metabolism – chemical reactions that maintain homeostasis = catabolism +
anabolism
A. Basic energy concepts
1. potential energy -> kinetic energy + heat
B. Classes of reactions
1. decomposition
a. Catabolism
2. synthesis
a. anabolism
3. exchange reactions
a. endergonic
b. exergonic
C. Reversible reactions
1. equilibrium
D. Acids and bases
1. acid
2. base
E. pH
1. buffers
IV.
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- most important are carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, inorganic acids, bases
and salts
A. CO2 and O2
B. Properties of H2O
1. solvent
2. high heat capacity
3. essential reactant
C. Inorganic acids and bases
D. Salts
1. electrolytes
V.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C, H, and many times O
- four major classes
- dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis
A. Carbohydrates
1. C H O in a 1:2:1 ratio (well, almost)
2. sugars and starches
a. source of energy
b. monosaccharide
i.
glucose
c. disaccharides and polysaccharides
i.
dehydration synthesis
ii.
hydrolysis
B. lipids
1. C H O in no particular ratio
2. not soluble in water (hydrophobic)
3. structural components of all cells, energy storage (2x as much
energy gram for gram as carbos)
4. three classes:
5. fatty acids
a. long carbon chains with a -COOH group at end
b. saturated vs. unsaturated
6. fats
a. fatty acids are attached to a glycerol molecule to make a fat
b. most common is a triglyceride (neutral fats)
c. energy storage, insulation, protection
7. steroids
a.
b.
c.
d.
four fused rings of carbon
cholesterol – best known
cell membrane component
hormones
8. phospholipids
a. most abundant component of cell membrane
b. amphipathic
C. proteins
- C, H, O, N, and sometimes S
- most abundant and diverse organic compounds in body
- structure, movement, transport, buffering, enzymes, protein hormones,
defense
- chains of amino acids
- 2 main shapes – globular + fibrous
- denaturation (how?)
- activation energy
- enzymes
- substrate
- active site
- product
- metabolic pathways
D. nucleic acids
1. DNA
2. RNA
3. nucleotides =
E. high energy compounds
1. ATP
- ATP <-> ADP + Pi + energy
VI.
CHEMICALS AND LIVING CELLS
- these biochemicals combine to form functional
cells, which are the basic units of life!!!
MAKE SURE YOU STUDY AND UNDERSTAND FIGURE
2-19 AND
TABLE 2 – 7 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!