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The Carbon Atom Isomers Functional Groups Organic compounds are carbon compounds. Organic chemistry is carbon chemistry. Carbon has little tendency to gain or lose electrons. It has a valence number of 4 and forms four covalent bonds. Each carbon atom in a carbon compound is an intersection point and so a molecule can branch off in four directions. This makes it TETRAVALENT. Single covalent bonds form a tetrahedron like methane. Four single bonds form 2 tetrahedrons joined at the apex like ethane. When 2 carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, all bonds around those carbons are in the same plane, like ethane. Isomers vary in structure while having the same molecular formula. Because they have different structures they often have different properties. 1.STRUCTURAL ISOMERS differ in covalent partners. Ex: Butane and Isobutane Page 56 2. GEOMETRIC ISOMERS differ in arrangement about a double bond. Illustration Page 56 3. ENANTIOMERS differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon resulting in molecules that are mirror images. Illustration Page 56 Ex: Thalidomide Functional Groups Certain groups of atoms called functional groups attached to carbon skeletons impart specific properties to carbon compounds. We will be examining about 7 of these groups. ( See handout or page 58 in your text) Alcohols-hydroxyl group-end in –ol Hydroxyl group is polar-water dissolves organic compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups like sugars. Carbonyl Group – COH with a double bond between the carbon and oxygen. • if it occurs at the end of a carbon skeleton it is called an aldehyde (ex: Propanal) • if it occurs anywhere else it is a ketone (ex: acetone) Carboxyl Group- COOH- carbon attached to an oxygen with a Double bond and an OH with a single bond. If it loses a hydrogen ion it becomes COO (onized form) For this reason these compounds are often called carboxylic acids. (EX: acetic acid or vinegar) Amino Group-NH2 (ionized) or NH3Amines or amino acids Like glycine. Sulfhydryl Group- SH- Thiols Phosphate Group-PO3-organic phosphates-DNA ATP Phospholipids 7. Methyl Group- CH3- fatty acids, oils and waxes