Download Ecology, biosphere, species, population, community, ecosystem

To Know:
Ecology, biosphere, species, population,
community, ecosystem, biome, autotroph,
producers, photosynthesis, chemosynthesis,
heterotroph, consumer, herbivore, carnivore,
omnivore,
detritivore,
decomposers,
food chain,
food web,
trophic level,
To Know:
Ecological pyramid, biomass, biotic factors,
abiotic factors, habitat, predation, symbiosis,
mutualism commensalism, parasitism.
Understand:
o There are different levels of organization in ecology.
o Most energy flows from the sun through autotrophs
(producers) to the heterotroph (consumers).
o Matter moves between the biotic and abiotic levels
of the ecosystem.
o The interactions
among organisms
and organisms and
their environment is
directly affected by
man.
Be Able to Do:
 Explain the levels of
organization in the biosphere.
2012
 Explain how energy flows
through the ecosystem.
 Explain what abiotic and biotic
factors are and how they influence
our ecosystem.
 Explain the difference between
competitive and cooperative interaction among species.
 Explain the difference between habitat and niche,
competition, predation and the different types of
symbiotic relationships.
 Explain how you can play your part in saving the EARTH.
1. It comes from the Greek term “oikos which means house.
It is the study of interactions among organism and
organisms and their environment.
Ecology
Pages 64 – 66
3-1 What is Ecology?
2. Name the different houses (levels) of nature from the
largest to the smallest and explain what that level includes:
Biosphere
Part of the
Earth in which
life exists.
Includes land,
water, air or
atmosphere.
Biome
A group of ecosystems that has the
same climate and dominant
communities.
Examples:
Arctic
Desert
Ecosystem
Groups of individuals that live in a particular
area together with their abiotic environment.
Community
Population of organisms that live
in a given area.
Population:
Group of individuals of the same species
that live in the same area.
Species
Group of similar organisms that can breed
and produce fertile offspring.
3. There are three approaches that scientist use to study
our ecological environment. Name and give a short
explanation of each.
Observing: Ask questions, and watch
organisms.
Three approaches that scientist use to study our ecological environment.
Experimenting:
Use an artificial environment
to imitate and manipulate conditions that the
organisms would encounter in their world.
An
Ecosystem
Video
Three approaches that scientist use to study our ecological environment.
Modeling: Use math formulas from collected
data collected from observation
and experimentation.
Pages 67 - 73
3-2 Energy Flow
1. Explain two ways which organism can
obtain energy:
a. Light
(Photosynthesis)
1. Explain two ways which organism can obtain energy:
b. Chemosynthesis: from inorganic
chemicals compounds.
Example
Vent video
Sunlight is our main
source of energy for life
on the Earth.
2. Give two names that organism can be called when they
use light or chemicals to produce food.
Producers or Autotrophs
a. Process which autotrophs harness solar
energy to produce its own food is called:
Photosynthesis
b. What is the equation for this process?
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2
3. Organism that rely on other organisms to
make their food can be called:
Consumers
or
Heterotrophs
4. Name and give a brief description of the
different types of heterotrophs.
Herbivores Eats Plants
Examples:
Deer,
Moose,
Cows,
Horses
Carnivores
Examples:
Eats animals
Snakes, dogs, owls,
Omnivores
Examples:
Eats plants and animals
Humans, bears, crows
Detritivores
Examples:
Feeds on plants and animal
remains.
Snails, crabs, mites, earthworms, mushrooms.
Decomposers:
Examples:
Breaks down organic matter.
Bacteria, fungi
5. Explain how energy flows through an ecosystem.
In ONE direction from the sun or inorganic
compounds to autotrophs and heterotrophs.
6. Explain the difference between a food chain
and a food web.
Food Chain: Series of steps in which
organisms transfers
energy by eating and
being eaten.
Producer, herbivore, carnivore
NOTE: Carnivores: Usually eat at least 2 different
herbivores. Why?
Food Web:
Network of
complex
interactions
forms by the
feeding
relationships
among the
various organs.
7. A trophic level is:
Each step in a food chain or web.
8. There are three ecological pyramids.
Energy Pyramid: Shows the relative amount of
energy in each tropic level.
8. There are three ecological pyramids.
Biomass Pyramid: Represents the amount of living
organic matter at each level.
Greatest is at the bottom.
8. There are three ecological pyramids.
Pyramid of Numbers: Shows the relative number
of individual organisms at
each trophic level.
9. What percent of energy is available for the next trophic
level?
10%
Where did the rest of the energy go?
Support the life of the organisms and
is given off as heat.
10. Nutrients are available in fixed quantities on earth are
passed from one organisms to another and from one
part of the biosphere to another through these
pathways.
Biogeochemical cycle
a. The continous
movement of
water between
the atmosphere,
the land and the
oceans.
Water cycle
b. The movement
of carbon from
non-living
environment
into living
things and
back.
Carbon
cycle
c. The process in which nitrogen circulated among the air,
soil, water, plants and animals in an ecosystem.
Nitrogen
cycle
What is nitrogen fixation: Where bacteria living in plant
roots convert nitrogen into a form plants can use.
Decomposers return nitrogen to the soil and soil bacteria
release it back into the atmosphere. Process is known as:
Dentrification
d. The movement of phosphorus in different
chemical forms from the environment to
organisms and then back to the environment.
Phosphorus
cycle
11. Nutrient Limitation:
The rate in which organic matter is created by
producers is called Primary productivity.
Nutrient Limitation:
Occurs when an
ecosystem is limited
by a single nutrient
that is scarce or cycles
very slowly.
Soil is more
acidic.
Soil is more
basic.
Ch. 4 – 1 The Role of Climate
4 – 2 What Shapes an Ecosystem
4 – 3 Biomes
Read pages 87- 105
1. What is Climate?
It is the average, year-after-year, conditions
of temperature and precipitation in a
particular region.
2. It is the day-to-day condition of
Earth’s atmosphere at a
particular time and place.
Weather
3. Natural situation in which heat is retained in
Earth’s atmosphere by carbon dioxide,
methane, water vapor and other gases.
Greenhouse Effect
4. Because of differences in latitude and the angle at
which the sun strikes the Earth, we have three main
climate zones.
Name:
Latitude:
Polar Zone
66.5o to 90o latitude
Temperate Zone
23.5o to 66.5o latitude
Tropical Zone
23.5o N. to 23.5o S. latitude
Polar Zone
66.5o to 90o latitude
Temperate Zone
23.5o to 66.5o latitude
Tropical Zone
23.5o N. to 23.5o S latitude
5. The unequal heating
of the Earth’s surface
winds and
drives _______
ocean
currents
____________.
4 – 2 What Shapes an Ecosystem
Read pages 90 - 97
6. Both biological and physical factors influence
our Ecosystem. These factors can influence:
a. Growth of an organism.
b. Productivity of the ecosystem in which it
lives.
7. Explain the difference between abiotic and abiotic factors
and give examples of each.
a. Abiotic factors:
Are physical or nonliving factors
that shapes an ecosystem.
Examples:
Water,
Minerals,
gases
b. Biotic
factors:
Are biological influences on
organisms within an
ecosystem.
Examples:
Animals.
Plants
8. The area where an organism lives,
it includes the biotic and abiotic
factor.
Habitat
9. It is defined as a full range of physical and biological
conditions in which an organism lives and the way in
which the organism uses those conditions.
Niche
No Two species can share the same
niche in the same habitat.
A niche includes the type of food the organism eats,
how it obtains this food and which other species
use the organism as food.
Redeyed tree frog
http://kids.nati
onalgeographic.
com/kids/anim
als/creaturefeat
ure/red-eyedtree-frogs/
10. The competitive exclusion principle states:
No two species can occupy the same niche in
the same habitat at the same time.
11. Organisms interact continuously. These
community interactions include competition,
predation and various forms of symbiosis.
A. Competition: Fighting for the same
thing.
What is predation?
Predation is: An interaction in which one organism
captures and feeds on another
organism.
1. Predator: The hunted
Tend to have eyes in front, strong jaw, sharp teeth,
powerful digestive enzymes, keen eyesight.
2. Prey: The hunter
Tend to have eyes on side of head, coloration.
12. Symbiosis is a relationship in which two
species live closely together. List and
explain some of these relationship.
a. Mutualism: Both species benefit from the
relationship.
The ant cares for
the aphids and
protects them from
predators. Aphids
produce a sweet
liquid that is called
honey dew that the
ants drink.
b. Commensalism: One member of the association
benefits and the other is neither
helped nor harmed.
The cleaner
shrimp cleaning
a moray eel.
c. Parasitism: One organism lives on or inside
another organism and harms it.
A tomato hornworm is covered with cocoons of pupating braconid
wasps. The braconid wasp is considered a parasitoid of the
hornworm because it causes the hornworm to die as it pupates.
By the time the wasps undergo metamorphosis, all of the hosts
insides have been digested, thus by the time they are ready to
pupate, the caterpillar will die
http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent525/close/parasites.html
Parasitism: Occurs where animals are dense. Parasites
are usually host-specific and will control an organisms
population by weakening, causing disease or death.
5-2 Limits to Growth
Read pages 124 - 127
13. As resources becomes less available, the
growth of a population slows or stops.
The Carrying
capacity is
defined as the
largest number
of individuals
of a population
that a given
environment
can support.
http://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=eYltUIsnrQ
14. Carrying capacity can be a Limiting factor.
This is a factor that causes population growth
to decrease.
15. Carrying capacity can be a limiting factor. This is a
factor that causes population growth to decrease.
Examples: Weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles,
human activities.
http://oceandoctor.org/video-60minutes-anderson-cooper-and-david-eguggenheim-explore-cubas-coral-reefs/
http://oceandoctor.org/video-60minutes-anderson-cooper-and-david-eguggenheim-explore-cubas-coral-reefs/
Why Recycle?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9l4GoBsfw
TM&feature=player_embedded
SK
Bloor Production