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To Know: Ecology, biosphere, species, population, community, ecosystem, biome, autotroph, producers, photosynthesis, chemosynthesis, heterotroph, consumer, herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, detritivore, decomposers, food chain, food web, trophic level, To Know: Ecological pyramid, biomass, biotic factors, abiotic factors, habitat, predation, symbiosis, mutualism commensalism, parasitism. Understand: o There are different levels of organization in ecology. o Most energy flows from the sun through autotrophs (producers) to the heterotroph (consumers). o Matter moves between the biotic and abiotic levels of the ecosystem. o The interactions among organisms and organisms and their environment is directly affected by man. Be Able to Do: Explain the levels of organization in the biosphere. 2012 Explain how energy flows through the ecosystem. Explain what abiotic and biotic factors are and how they influence our ecosystem. Explain the difference between competitive and cooperative interaction among species. Explain the difference between habitat and niche, competition, predation and the different types of symbiotic relationships. Explain how you can play your part in saving the EARTH. 1. It comes from the Greek term “oikos which means house. It is the study of interactions among organism and organisms and their environment. Ecology Pages 64 – 66 3-1 What is Ecology? 2. Name the different houses (levels) of nature from the largest to the smallest and explain what that level includes: Biosphere Part of the Earth in which life exists. Includes land, water, air or atmosphere. Biome A group of ecosystems that has the same climate and dominant communities. Examples: Arctic Desert Ecosystem Groups of individuals that live in a particular area together with their abiotic environment. Community Population of organisms that live in a given area. Population: Group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area. Species Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. 3. There are three approaches that scientist use to study our ecological environment. Name and give a short explanation of each. Observing: Ask questions, and watch organisms. Three approaches that scientist use to study our ecological environment. Experimenting: Use an artificial environment to imitate and manipulate conditions that the organisms would encounter in their world. An Ecosystem Video Three approaches that scientist use to study our ecological environment. Modeling: Use math formulas from collected data collected from observation and experimentation. Pages 67 - 73 3-2 Energy Flow 1. Explain two ways which organism can obtain energy: a. Light (Photosynthesis) 1. Explain two ways which organism can obtain energy: b. Chemosynthesis: from inorganic chemicals compounds. Example Vent video Sunlight is our main source of energy for life on the Earth. 2. Give two names that organism can be called when they use light or chemicals to produce food. Producers or Autotrophs a. Process which autotrophs harness solar energy to produce its own food is called: Photosynthesis b. What is the equation for this process? 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 3. Organism that rely on other organisms to make their food can be called: Consumers or Heterotrophs 4. Name and give a brief description of the different types of heterotrophs. Herbivores Eats Plants Examples: Deer, Moose, Cows, Horses Carnivores Examples: Eats animals Snakes, dogs, owls, Omnivores Examples: Eats plants and animals Humans, bears, crows Detritivores Examples: Feeds on plants and animal remains. Snails, crabs, mites, earthworms, mushrooms. Decomposers: Examples: Breaks down organic matter. Bacteria, fungi 5. Explain how energy flows through an ecosystem. In ONE direction from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs and heterotrophs. 6. Explain the difference between a food chain and a food web. Food Chain: Series of steps in which organisms transfers energy by eating and being eaten. Producer, herbivore, carnivore NOTE: Carnivores: Usually eat at least 2 different herbivores. Why? Food Web: Network of complex interactions forms by the feeding relationships among the various organs. 7. A trophic level is: Each step in a food chain or web. 8. There are three ecological pyramids. Energy Pyramid: Shows the relative amount of energy in each tropic level. 8. There are three ecological pyramids. Biomass Pyramid: Represents the amount of living organic matter at each level. Greatest is at the bottom. 8. There are three ecological pyramids. Pyramid of Numbers: Shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level. 9. What percent of energy is available for the next trophic level? 10% Where did the rest of the energy go? Support the life of the organisms and is given off as heat. 10. Nutrients are available in fixed quantities on earth are passed from one organisms to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through these pathways. Biogeochemical cycle a. The continous movement of water between the atmosphere, the land and the oceans. Water cycle b. The movement of carbon from non-living environment into living things and back. Carbon cycle c. The process in which nitrogen circulated among the air, soil, water, plants and animals in an ecosystem. Nitrogen cycle What is nitrogen fixation: Where bacteria living in plant roots convert nitrogen into a form plants can use. Decomposers return nitrogen to the soil and soil bacteria release it back into the atmosphere. Process is known as: Dentrification d. The movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment. Phosphorus cycle 11. Nutrient Limitation: The rate in which organic matter is created by producers is called Primary productivity. Nutrient Limitation: Occurs when an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly. Soil is more acidic. Soil is more basic. Ch. 4 – 1 The Role of Climate 4 – 2 What Shapes an Ecosystem 4 – 3 Biomes Read pages 87- 105 1. What is Climate? It is the average, year-after-year, conditions of temperature and precipitation in a particular region. 2. It is the day-to-day condition of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular time and place. Weather 3. Natural situation in which heat is retained in Earth’s atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor and other gases. Greenhouse Effect 4. Because of differences in latitude and the angle at which the sun strikes the Earth, we have three main climate zones. Name: Latitude: Polar Zone 66.5o to 90o latitude Temperate Zone 23.5o to 66.5o latitude Tropical Zone 23.5o N. to 23.5o S. latitude Polar Zone 66.5o to 90o latitude Temperate Zone 23.5o to 66.5o latitude Tropical Zone 23.5o N. to 23.5o S latitude 5. The unequal heating of the Earth’s surface winds and drives _______ ocean currents ____________. 4 – 2 What Shapes an Ecosystem Read pages 90 - 97 6. Both biological and physical factors influence our Ecosystem. These factors can influence: a. Growth of an organism. b. Productivity of the ecosystem in which it lives. 7. Explain the difference between abiotic and abiotic factors and give examples of each. a. Abiotic factors: Are physical or nonliving factors that shapes an ecosystem. Examples: Water, Minerals, gases b. Biotic factors: Are biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem. Examples: Animals. Plants 8. The area where an organism lives, it includes the biotic and abiotic factor. Habitat 9. It is defined as a full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions. Niche No Two species can share the same niche in the same habitat. A niche includes the type of food the organism eats, how it obtains this food and which other species use the organism as food. Redeyed tree frog http://kids.nati onalgeographic. com/kids/anim als/creaturefeat ure/red-eyedtree-frogs/ 10. The competitive exclusion principle states: No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. 11. Organisms interact continuously. These community interactions include competition, predation and various forms of symbiosis. A. Competition: Fighting for the same thing. What is predation? Predation is: An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. 1. Predator: The hunted Tend to have eyes in front, strong jaw, sharp teeth, powerful digestive enzymes, keen eyesight. 2. Prey: The hunter Tend to have eyes on side of head, coloration. 12. Symbiosis is a relationship in which two species live closely together. List and explain some of these relationship. a. Mutualism: Both species benefit from the relationship. The ant cares for the aphids and protects them from predators. Aphids produce a sweet liquid that is called honey dew that the ants drink. b. Commensalism: One member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. The cleaner shrimp cleaning a moray eel. c. Parasitism: One organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. A tomato hornworm is covered with cocoons of pupating braconid wasps. The braconid wasp is considered a parasitoid of the hornworm because it causes the hornworm to die as it pupates. By the time the wasps undergo metamorphosis, all of the hosts insides have been digested, thus by the time they are ready to pupate, the caterpillar will die http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent525/close/parasites.html Parasitism: Occurs where animals are dense. Parasites are usually host-specific and will control an organisms population by weakening, causing disease or death. 5-2 Limits to Growth Read pages 124 - 127 13. As resources becomes less available, the growth of a population slows or stops. The Carrying capacity is defined as the largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can support. http://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=eYltUIsnrQ 14. Carrying capacity can be a Limiting factor. This is a factor that causes population growth to decrease. 15. Carrying capacity can be a limiting factor. This is a factor that causes population growth to decrease. Examples: Weather, natural disasters, seasonal cycles, human activities. http://oceandoctor.org/video-60minutes-anderson-cooper-and-david-eguggenheim-explore-cubas-coral-reefs/ http://oceandoctor.org/video-60minutes-anderson-cooper-and-david-eguggenheim-explore-cubas-coral-reefs/ Why Recycle? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9l4GoBsfw TM&feature=player_embedded SK Bloor Production