Download FinalExamStudyGuideSemester1

Final Exam Study Guide Semester 1 2009
Scientific Method
1) What is avoidable error? What is unavoidable error?
2) What are the 5 steps in the scientific method (how to design an experiment)?
3) How is a hypothesis different from a theory?
4) In an experiment there are always two groups: the control group and the
experimental (variable) group. Why are there always two groups? What is the
difference between the control group and the experimental group?
5) Scientists use models to explain existing data and to make new hypothesis.
6) Why do scientists publish the results of their experiments?
7) What did Watson and Crick discover after viewing Rosalind Franklin’s
photograph?
Organic Chemistry
1) What are the monomers and polymers for the following organic compounds?
a. Lipids
b. Carbohydrates (monosaccharide/polysaccharide)
c. Proteins (enzymes)
d. Nucleic Acids
2) There are 20 amino acids but 1,000’s of different proteins. How is this possible?
3) Enzymes are catalysts. What does that mean?
4) What are conditions that can affect enzyme function?
5) How do enzymes and substrates work together in a lock & key fashion?
6) When you heat an egg it changes color because the protein is denatured (changes
shape). When you take the egg off the heat it does not change back to its original
color because the shape of the proteins has been permanently changed. When you
have a fever of 105 degrees, you should go to the hospital. Why is having a high
fever so serious?
Cells
1) What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
2) What is the difference between plant and animal cells?
3) Recognize the shape and identify function of the following organelles:
a. Golgi Apparatus
b. Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough and smooth)
c. Mitochondria
d. Chloroplast
e. Cell Membrane
f. Cell Wall
4) How do the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus work together to make
and distribute proteins?
5) The cell membrane is semi-permeable. What does this mean?
6) What is the fluid mosaic model and all its parts (check online)?
7) Compare and contrast active transport and passive transport.
8) Are all cells in a multicellular organisms (like you) identical?
9) What is cell specialization?
a. List at least 3 different types of cells in your body.
10) What is the photosynthetic equation?
11) What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis?
12) What are the reactants and products of each stage of photosynthesis?
13) What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?
14) What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?
15) Where does glycolysis happen?
16) Where do the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport happen?
DNA & RNA
1) What are the 3 subunits of a nucleotide?
2) What are the 4 different DNA bases?
3) What is the one unique RNA base?
4) Use the codon table to translate mRNA into a growing amino acid chain.
5) The central dogma of biology is that DNA is copied into mRNA which code for
specific amino acids which build proteins.
a. Which part if this process is transcription?
b. Which part of this process is translation?
6) How many nucleotides make one codon?
7) How many codons code for 1 amino acid?
8) What is a mutation?
9) How does an insertion of an extra nucleotide into a strand of DNA cause a
mutation?
10) What organic molecule do genes code for?
11) What is DNA replication?
12) What is the complimentary strand to this piece of DNA?
a. GGCATGCAT
13) Transcribe the following strand of DNA into mRNA:
a. ATTCGATAG
Genetics
1) What is an allele?
2) How many haploid cells divide from a single diploid cell in meiosis?
3) What are gametes? What type of cellular division makes them?
4) What type of cellular division are sperm and eggs made from?
5) Which organ is responsible for making sperm in men?
6) Which organ is responsible for making and storing eggs in women?
7) What are the possible gametes from the following genes Rr and Pp (hint: FOIL)?
8) What is the process of crossing over?
9) As a result of meiosis chromosomes are randomly separated. Each parent passes
only 1 allele for each gene.
10) What letter represents chromosome number in haploid cells? In diploid cells?
11) Scientists will sometimes explain fertilization using this equation: n + n  2n.
How does this represent fertilization?
12) What are the sex chromosomes for a female? What are the sex chromosomes for
a male?
13) Make a Punnett Square for the sex chromosomes. What determines the sex of the
offspring (the sperm or the egg)?
14) A horse is Bb for black hair over brown hair. What is this horse’s genotype?
What is this horse’s phenotype? Is this horse homozygous dominant,
homozygous recessive, or heterozygous for hair color?
15) Are genes more likely to be linked if they are on the same chromosome or
different chromosomes?