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Name ______KEY_________________________ Per ____
Muscle Biochemistry Review Packet ***NOTE: this packet only addresses
biochemistry, and not the entire chapter we covered ***
Use your book, your projects, your muscle packet and/or your notes to answer the
following questions. Please be specific and complete.
Sodium/potassium pump
1. What ions (charged molecules) move where?
3 sodium out of the muscle fiber, 2 potassium into the muscle fiber
2. How many move?
see #1
3. What substance is necessary in order for the pump to function?
ATP
4. Is this passive or active transport and why?
requires energy
5. What is the main goal of the Na+/K+ ATP pump?
resets sodium and potassium to where they originally started from
6. Where does the ATP come from (what process)?
cellular respiration
7. What two substances are necessary for the process in question #6 to occur?
oxygen + glucose
8. How would apnea (not breathing) affect this process?
not getting oxygen  can’t do cellular respiration
9. How would starvation affect this process? Are there any alternatives to cellular
respiration?
not getting enough glucose (carbs); will break down glycogen, then fats, then
proteins (muscle)
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Sodium
10. Where is the sodium “supposed” to be located to start things off in order for a
muscle contraction to occur?
in synaptic cleft
11. How does sodium get into the muscle fiber from the synaptic cleft?
through ligand-gated sodium channels
12. If acetylcholine (ACh) docked with chemically-gated sodium channels in the
sarcolemma but there was no sodium in the synaptic cleft, what would happen?
no sodium in the cleft  no diffusion of sodium into the muscle fiber  no
change in charge  no calcium channels opening in the SR  etc  no
contraction
13. What does sodium cause when it enters the muscle fiber?
causes interior of muscle fiber to turn positive
Calcium
14. What are two places where calcium (Ca2+) is normally found prior to a muscle
contracting (to start things off)?
outside the synaptic knob, in the sarcoplamsmic reticulum
15. How did it get there?
pumped
16. Did it get there by active or passive transport?
17. What is necessary for this process to occur (what substance needs to be present
and available)?
ATP
18. Inside the muscle fiber, what triggers the release of calcium from where it is
stored?
charge turning positive  opens voltage-gated calcium channels in SR
19. What do you think would happen if calcium was never released?
calcium would not bind to troponin  not release tropomyosin  etc  no
contraction
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Muscle contraction
20. Once calcium is released from its container in the muscle fiber, what does it bind
with in order to start the muscle fiber contracting?
tropnin
21. What protein moves over, exposing binding sites?
tropomyosin
22. If the Z-lines of a muscle fiber are getting closer together then the muscle cell is:
contracting
Muscle relaxation
23. Where two places does the calcium need to go to in order for a muscle to relax?
back into the SR, out of the synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft
24. Where does the sodium need to go during muscle relaxation?
back out of the muscle fiber and into the synaptic cleft
25. Where does potassium need to go during muscle relaxation?
from the synaptic cleft back into the muscle fiber
26. Are the processes in questions # 23-25 active or passive transport and why?
active; need ATP to pump
27. What substance is necessary in order for the myosin heads to release from actin
and be cocked back?
ATP
28. What is the chemical process that produces this substance?
cellular respiration
29. What is the equation for this chemical reaction?
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + 38ATP
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Miscellaneous
30. Which substance is produced, packaged in the neuron, diffuses across the
synaptic cleft and is recycled for use back into the neuron?
ACh
31. Which of the following is true?
a. The A band contains only actin
b. The light band contains only myosin
c. The dark band contains the Z line
d. The dark band contains actin and myosin
32. What is the 1st source of energy during the first 10 sec of contraction?
ATP
33. What is the 2nd source of energy after the first 10 sec of contraction?
creatine phosphate
34. How does the substance in #33 provide energy?
phosphorylates ADP to produce ATP
35. What is the 3rd source of energy?
glucose
36. What is the process called that extracts the energy from #35?
cellular respiration
37. What is the 4th source of energy (during starvation)?
glycogen
38. Name 2 places where it can be found.
muscles, liver
39. What is the 5th source of energy (during starvation)?
fats
40. What is the 6th source of energy (during starvation)?
muscle (proteins)
41. What is a problem with using this source of energy?
when muscle fibers burst, they release proteins into the bloodstream, heading to
the kidneys and causing kidney damage (rhabdomyolysis)
42. What are some side-effects/ill effects of taking too much creatine supplements?
causes water to get pulled into muscle fibers, keeping water from being available,
preventing patient from sweating as much, increasing their body temperature
(hyperthermia). also, if too much water enters muscle fibers, they may burst,
causing rhabdomyolysis.
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1st
43. What step(s) of cellular respiration is/are aerobic?
step; glycolysis
44. Which step(s) of cellular respiration is/are anaerobic?
2nd and 3rd; Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) and Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
45. What is the total number of ATP produced as a result of aerobic cellular
respiration?
38 ATP
46. When oxygen is not present, _________ builds-up.
lactic acid
47. When #46 builds-up, pH ______
drops
48. You can tell that #47 is occurring because:
either muscle fatigue or cramping
49. Oxygen is necessary to repay oxygen debt. Name three processes that oxygen
is required for.
1) produce more ATP through cellular respiration
2) regenerate more creatine phosphate
3) clear lactic acid and convert it back to glucose in the liver
Essays ( on separate paper):
50. Explain in words how a muscle fiber contracts and relaxes (in detail).
write-out all the steps of your project
51. Explain how muscle names are often logical. List the 6 characteristics that
muscle names frequently describe. Cite an example for each.
shape: deltoid, rhomboid, trapezius
size: major, minor, longus, brevis
location: brachioradialis, pectoralis, latissimus dorsi, quadriceps femoris
action: extensor digitorum, pronator teres
direction of fibers: internal and external obliques
number of attachments: biceps, triceps
52. Explain that mutations in DNA can cause incorrect proteins to be expressed.
Give up to 10 examples of proteins that we have studied, as well as the
consequences of them being damaged.
actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin, all channels, all pumps, AChE (NOT ACh
though)
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53. Explain the three main sources of energy our cells use as well as the
consequences of having:
ATP – high energy bonds between 3 negatively charged phosphate groups,
releases energy when last phosphate group is removed producing ADP and a
lone phosphate group
creatine phosphate – quickly phosphorylates ADP with a phosphate group to
produce ATP
glucose – glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide, water and 38ATP through cellular
respiration. glucose holds energy in its bonds
a. too little oxygen
anaerobic metabolism  glycolysis  lactic acid build-up  cramps and/or
fatigue
b. too little glucose
break-down of glycogen
then fats (if there is no other food source)
then proteins (if there is no other food source)
if there is another food source such as proteins (like meat, fish, poultry) or fats
(like oils or butter), then the body will catabolize those and the products will enter
various stages of cellular respiration
c. too much glucose
stored as glycogen
enough glycogen?  stored as fat
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