* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download MCAS Review Booklet
Survey
Document related concepts
History of biology wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Introduction to evolution wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Cell theory wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Introduction to genetics wikipedia , lookup
State switching wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Cell (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Koinophilia wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
MCAS REVIEW BOOKLET 2007-2008 Mrs. Melanson STUDENT NAME ________________ BLOCK These booklets are MCAS review booklets. Each strand from the Massachusetts State Frameworks is addressed with its corresponding chapter section (s) and pages from the textbook along with key concepts to answer and key vocabulary terms to define. In addition to the questions and vocabulary, you should take notes on the section in the space provided and draw out any important diagrams from the text. When in doubt, ask. Each of these framework strands needs to be mastered for the MCAS test in June. These booklets are to stay in class at all times. 2 1.1 Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of very few elements. The six most common are C, H, N, O, P, and S. 2-3 Carbon Compounds (p.44-48) 3 1.2 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). 2-3 Carbon Compounds (p.44-48) Key Concept What are the functions of each group of organic compounds? Vocabulary monomer polymer carbohydrate monosaccharide polysaccharide lipid nucleic acid nucleotide ribonucleic acid (RNA) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) protein amino acid 4 1.3 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, that have an effect on enzymes. 2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes (p. 49-53) Key Concepts What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions? How do energy changes affect whether a chemical reaction will occur? Why are enzymes important to living things? Vocabulary chemical reaction reactant product activation energy catalyst enzyme substrate 5 6 2.1 Relate cell parts/organelles (plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome, vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centriole, cilium, flagellum, pseudopod) to their functions. Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport). 7-2 Cell Structure (p. 173-183) 7-3 Movement through the Membrane (p. 184-189) Key Concept What are the functions of the major cell structures? Vocabulary organelle cytoplasm nuclear envelope chromatin chromosome nucleolus ribosome endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus lysosome vacuole mitochondrion chloroplast cytoskeleton centriole 7 Key Concepts What are the main functions of the cell membrane and the cell wall? What happens during diffusion? What is osmosis? Vocabulary cell membrane cell wall lipid bilayer concentration diffusion equilibrium osmosis isotonic hypertonic hypotonic facilitated diffusion active transport endocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis exocytosis 8 2.2 Compare and contrast, at the cellular level, the general structures and degrees of complexity of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 7-1 Life is Cellular (p. 169-172) Key Concepts What is the cell theory? What are the characteristics of prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Vocabulary cell cell theory nucleus eukaryote prokaryote 9 10 2.3 Use cellular evidence (e.g., cell structure, cell number, cell reproduction) and modes of nutrition to describe the six kingdoms (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia). 18-3 Kingdoms and Domains Key Concepts What are the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified? What is the three-domain system of classification? Vocabulary domain bacteria Eubacteria Archaea Archaebacteria Eukarya Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia 11 2.4 Identify the reactants, products, and basic purposes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cells of photosynthetic organisms. 8-2 Photosynthesis (p. 204-207) 8-3 The Reactions of Photosynthesis (p. 208-214) 9-1 Chemical Pathways (p. 221-225) 9-2 The Krebs Cycle and the Electric Transport (p. 226-232) Key Concepts What did the experiments of van Helmont, Priestley, and Ingenhousz reveal about how plants grow? What is the overall equation for photosynthesis? What is the role of light and chlorophyll in photosynthesis? Vocabulary photosynthesis pigment chlorophyll 12 Key Concepts What happens in the light-dependent reactions? What is the Calvin cycle? Vocabulary thylakoid photosystem stroma NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) light-dependent reactions ATP synthase Calvin cycle 13 Key Concepts What is cellular respiration? What happens during the process of glycolysis? What are the two main types of fermentation? Vocabulary calorie glycolysis cellular respiration NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) fermentation anaerobic 14 Key Concepts What happens during the Krebs cycle? How are high-energy electrons used by the electron transport chain? Vocabulary aerobic Krebs cycle electron transport chain 15 16 17 18 2.5 Explain the important role that ATP serves in metabolism. 8-1 Energy and Life (p. 201-203) Key Concepts Where do plants get the energy they need to produce food? What is the role of ATP in cellular activities? Vocabulary autotroph heterotroph adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 19 2.6 Describe the cell cycle and the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells, and its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction. 10-2 Cell Division (p. 244-249) Key Concept What problems does growth cause for cells? Vocabulary cell division 20 21 2.7 Describe how the process of meiosis results in the formation of haploid cells. Explain the importance of this process in sexual reproduction, and how gametes form diploid zygotes in the process of fertilization. 11-4 Meiosis (p. 275-278) Key Concepts What happens during the process of meiosis? How is meiosis different from mitosis? Vocabulary homologous diploid haploid meiosis tetrad crossing-over 22 2.8 Compare and contrast a virus and a cell in terms of genetic material and reproduction. 19-2 Viruses (p. 478-483) Key Concepts What is the structure of a virus? How do viruses cause infection? Vocabulary virus capsid bacteriophage lytic infection lysogenic infection prophage retrovirus 23 24 3.1 Describe the basic structure (double helix, sugar/phosphate backbone, linked by complementary nucleotide pairs) of DNA, and describe its function in genetic inheritance. 12-1 DNA (p. 287-294) Key Concepts What did scientists discover about the relationship between genes and DNA? What is the overall structure of the DNA molecule? Vocabulary transformation bacteriophage nucleotide base pairing 25 3.2 Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of the genetic code. Explain the basic processes of transcription and translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. Distinguish among the end products of replication, transcription, and translation. 12-2 Chromosomes and DNA Replication (p. 295-299) 12-3 RNA and Protein Synthesis (300-306) What happens during DNA replication? Vocabulary chromatin histone replication DNA polymerase 26 Key Concepts What are the three main types of RNA? What is transcription? What is translation? Vocabulary gene messenger RNA (mRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) transcription RNA polymerase promoter intron exon codon translation anticodon 27 3.3 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not result in phenotypic change in an organism. Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in offspring. 12-4 Mutations (p. 307-308) Key Concept What are mutations? Vocabulary mutation point mutation frameshift mutation polyploidy 28 29 3.4 Distinguish among observed inheritance patterns caused by several types of genetic traits (dominant, recessive, codominant, sex-linked, polygenic, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles). 11-1 The Work of Gregor Mendel (p. 263-266) 11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics (270-274) Key Concepts What is the principle of dominance? What happens during segregation? Vocabulary genetics fertilization true-breeding trait hybrid gene allele segregation gamete 30 Key Concepts What is the principle of independent assortment? What inheritance patterns exist aside from simple dominance? Vocabulary independent assortment incomplete dominance codominance multiple alleles polygenic trait 31 3.5 Describe how Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment can be observed through patterns of inheritance (e.g., dihybrid crosses). 11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics (p. 270-274) 32 3.6 Use a Punnett Square to determine the probabilities for genotype and phenotype combinations in monohybrid crosses. 11-2 Probability and Punnett Squares (p. 267-269) Key Concepts How do geneticists use the principles of probability? How do geneticists use Punnett squares? Vocabulary probability Punnett square homozygous heterozygous phenotype genotype 33 34 4.1 Explain generally how the digestive system (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum) converts macromolecules from food into smaller molecules that can be used by cells for energy and for repair and growth. 38-2 The Process of Digestion (p.978-984) Key Concepts What are the organs of the digestive system? What is the function of the digestive system? Vocabulary amylase esophagus peristalsis stomach chyme small intestine pancreas liver villus large intestine 35 4.2 Explain how the circulatory system (heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, red blood cells) transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes cell wastes. Describe how the kidneys and the liver are closely associated with the circulatory system as they perform the excretory function of removing waste from the blood. Recognize that kidneys remove nitrogenous wastes, and the liver removes many toxic compounds from blood. 37-1 The Circulatory System (p. 943-950) – HEART 38-2 The Process of Digestion (p. 982) – (LIVER) 38-3 The Excretory System (985-989) – KIDNEYS Key Concepts What are the structures of the circulatory system? What are the three types of blood vessels in the circulatory system? Vocabulary myocardium atrium ventricle pulmonary circulation systemic circulation valve pacemaker aorta artery capillary vein atherosclerosis 36 Key Concepts What are the functions of the kidneys? How is blood filtered? Vocabulary kidney ureter urinary bladder nephron filtration glomerulus Bowman's capsule reabsorption loop of Henle urethra 37 38 4.3 Explain how the respiratory system (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, alveoli) provides exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. 37-3 The Respiratory System (p. 956-963) Key Concepts What is the function of the respiratory system? How does smoking affect the respiratory system? Vocabulary pharynx trachea larynx bronchus alveolus diaphragm nicotine emphysema 39 40 4.4 Explain how the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons, motor neurons) mediates communication among different parts of the body and mediates the body’s interactions with the environment. Identify the basic unit of the nervous system, the neuron, and explain generally how it works. 35-2 The Nervous System (p. 897-900) Key Concepts What are the functions of the nervous system? How is a nerve impulse transmitted? Vocabulary neuron cell body dendrite axon myelin sheath resting potential action potential threshold synapse neurotransmitter 41 42 4.5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles, bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons) works with other systems to support the body and allow for movement. Recognize that bones produce blood cells. 36-1 The Skeletal System (921-925) 36-2 The Muscular System (926-931) Key Concepts What are the functions of the skeletal system? What is the structure of a typical bone? What are the three different kinds of joints? Vocabulary periosteum Haversian canal bone marrow cartilage ossification joint ligament 43 Key Concepts What are the three types of muscle tissue? How do muscles contract? Why is exercise important? Vocabulary myosin actin neuromuscular junction acetylcholine tendon 44 45 4.6 Recognize that the sexual reproductive system allows organisms to produce offspring that receive half of their genetic information from their mother and half from their father, and that sexually produced offspring resemble, but are not identical to, either of their parents. 39-3 The Reproductive System (p. 1009-1015) Key Concepts What are the main functions of the male and female reproductive systems? What are the four phases of the menstrual cycle? Vocabulary puberty scrotum seminiferous tubule epididymis vas deferens urethra penis follicle ovulation Fallopian tube uterus vagina menstrual cycle corpus luteum menstruation sexually transmitted disease (STD) 46 4.7 Recognize that communication among cells is required for coordination of body functions. The nerves communicate with electrochemical signals, hormones circulate through the blood, and some cells produce signals to communicate only with nearby cells. 39-1 The Endocrine System (997-1002) 35-2 The Nervous System (897-900) Key Concepts What is the function of the endocrine system? How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis? Vocabulary hormone target cell exocrine gland endocrine gland prostaglandin 47 48 4.8 Recognize that the body’s systems interact to maintain homeostasis. Describe the basic function of a physiological feedback loop. 35-1 Human Body Systems (p. 891-896) Key Concepts How is the human body organized? What is homeostasis? Vocabulary specialized cell epithelial tissue connective tissue nervous tissue muscle tissue homeostasis feedback inhibition 49 5.1 Explain how evolution is demonstrated by evidence from the fossil record, comparative anatomy, genetics, molecular biology, and examples of natural selection. 15-3 Darwin Presents His Case (p. 378-386) 17-1 The Fossil Record (p.417-422) Key Concepts What was Charles Darwin's contribution to science? What pattern did Darwin observe among organisms of the Galápagos Islands? Vocabulary evolution theory fossil 50 Key Concepts What is the fossil record? What information do relative dating and radioactive dating provide about fossils? What are the main divisions of the geologic time scale? Vocabulary paleontologist fossil record extinct relative dating index fossil half-life radioactive dating geologic time scale era period 51 52 5.2 Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of organisms. Recognize that species are further classified into a hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species) based on morphological, behavioral, and molecular similarities. Describe the role that geographic isolation can play in speciation. 18-1 Finding Order in Diversity (p. 447-450) 18-2 Modern Evolutionary Classification (p. 451-455) Key Concepts How are living things organized for study? What is binomial nomenclature? What is Linnaeus's system of classification? Vocabulary taxonomy binomial nomenclature genus taxon family order class phylum kingdom 53 Key Concepts How are evolutionary relationships important in classification? How can DNA and RNA help scientists determine evolutionary relationships? Vocabulary phylogeny evolutionary classification derived character cladogram molecular clock 54 55 5.3 Explain how evolution through natural selection can result in changes in biodiversity through the increase or decrease of genetic diversity within a population. 16.1 Genes and Variation (p. 393-396) 16-3 The Process of Speciation (p. 404-410) Key Concepts What are the main sources of heritable variation in a population? How is evolution defined in genetic terms? What determines the numbers of phenotypes for a given trait? Vocabulary gene pool relative frequency single-gene trait polygenic trait 56 Key Concepts What factors are involved in the formation of new species? Describe the process of speciation in the Galápagos finches. Vocabulary speciation reproductive isolation behavioral isolation geographic isolation temporal isolation 57 58 6.1 Explain how birth, death, immigration, and emigration influence population size. 5-1 How Populations Grow (p. 119-123) 5-3 Human Population Growth (p. 129-132) Key Concepts What characteristics are used to describe a population? What factors affect population size? What are exponential growth and logistic growth? Vocabulary population density immigration emigration exponential growth logistic growth carrying capacity 59 Key Concepts How has the size of the human population changed over time? Why do population growth rates differ in countries throughout the world? Vocabulary demography demographic transition age-structure diagram 60 Analyze changes in population size and biodiversity (speciation and extinction) that result from the following: natural causes, changes in climate, human activity, and the introduction of invasive, nonnative species. 4-2 What Shapes and Ecosystem? (p. 90-97) 5-2 Limits to Growth (p. 124-127) 6-3 Biodiversity (p. 150-156) Key Concepts How do biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem? What interactions occur within communities? What is ecological succession? Vocabulary biotic factor abiotic factor habitat niche resource competitive exclusion principle predation symbiosis mutualism commensalism parasitism ecological succession primary succession pioneer species secondary succession 61 Key Concept What factors limit population growth? Vocabulary limiting factor density-dependent limiting factor predator-prey relationship density-independent limiting factor 62 Key Concepts What is the value of biodiversity? What are the current threats to biodiversity? What is the goal of conservation biology? Vocabulary biodiversity ecosystem diversity species diversity genetic diversity extinction endangered species habitat fragmentation biological magnification invasive species conservation 63 64 65 6.3 Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers, and explain the transfer of energy through trophic levels. Describe how relationships among organisms (predation, parasitism, competition, commensalism, mutualism) add to the complexity of biological communities. 3-2 Energy Glow (p. 67-73) Key Concepts Where does the energy for life processes come from? How does energy flow through living systems? How efficient is the transfer of energy among organisms in an ecosystem? Vocabulary autotroph producer photosynthesis chemosynthesis heterotroph consumer herbivore carnivore omnivore detritivore decomposer food chain food web trophic level ecological pyramid biomass 66 6.4 Explain how water, carbon, and nitrogen cycle between abiotic resources and organic matter in an ecosystem, and how oxygen cycles through photosynthesis and respiration. 3-3 Cycles of Matter (p. 74-80) Key Concepts How does matter move among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem? How are nutrients important in living systems? Vocabulary biogeochemical cycle evaporation transpiration nutrient nitrogen fixation denitrification primary productivity limiting nutrient algal bloom 67 68